Effects of L-Histidine and Sodium Acetate on β-Casein Expression in Nutrient-Restricted Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Abstract

Nutrient restriction is a challenging condition for the mammary glands of dairy cows. In this condition, supplementing amino acids and energy sources might be a good strategy to improve the concentration of one of the most important caseins in bovine milk. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of L-histidine (His) and sodium acetate (Ace) in a nutrient-restricted (NR) immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T cells). The treatments for the MAC-T cells are as follows: experiment (1) 0–5% diluted basal medium; experiment (2) supplementation of 0–9.6 mM of His or Ace in NR or normal conditions; experiment (3) supplementation of 0–9.6 mM of Ace plus 0.15 mM of His in NR or normal conditions. The 1% diluted medium showed no significant effect on the cell viability with the basal medium; thus, it was selected as the NR condition. The relative expression of β-casein was significantly increased in the NR condition with the inclusion of 0.15 mM His alone or with Ace compared to that in control. The supplementation of Ace increased the β-casein level under normal conditions. However, it did not change the expression of β-casein under the NR condition. The results suggest that His has the potential to increase the β-casein expression under the NR condition.

Comparative Metabolomic Profiling of L-Histidine and NEFA Treatments in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

“…Supplementation with L-histidine could potentially improve insulin sensitivity and reduce obesity-related parameters such as BMI, fat mass, and NEFA levels while also mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress in individuals with metabolic syndrome, possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway in adipocytes [9]. In the context of dairy farming, L-histidine, along with sodium acetate, can boost β-casein production in nutrient-restricted bovine mammary cells, indicating that L-histidine alone can be beneficial even without additional energy sources [10]. This amino acid also appears to enhance growth performance in fish [11] and can suppress inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-a in LPS-induced macrophages [12], as well as increase antioxidant enzyme activities such as GPX and SOD [13], suggesting a broader role for L-histidine in counteracting the adverse effects of high NEFA levels.…”

D-Methionine and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid i alter beta-casein, proteins and metabolites linked in milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells

“…Recently, different omics studies detected distinct clusters of differentially concentrated metabolites following treatment with various ratios of Met, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Valine, and Tryptophan [ 18 - 20 ]. However, to our knowledge, no studies have applied proteomic and metabolomic approaches to analyze the effects of supplementation with D-Met and its precursor HMBi on the beta-casein synthesis and milk protein synthesis-related pathways.…”