Effects of L-arginine and L-citrulline supplementation in reduced protein diets for broilers under normal and cyclic warm temperature

Dao, Hiep Thi; Sharma, Nishchal K.; Bradbury, Emma J.; Swick, Robert A.

doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2020.12.010

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 93 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…Also, L-Cit supplementation could restore the body weight, body weight gain, and feed intake of HS broilers at certain periods. It was earlier reported that L-Cit supplementation did not influence the growth performance of broilers ( Dao et al, 2021 ), while another study reported that L-Cit showed a tendency to increase the average daily gain in HS pigs ( Kvidera et al, 2016 ). This study demonstrated that L-Cit can stimulate whole body growth in broilers, and to a certain extent, L-Cit can alleviate HS-induced depression on the growth performance of broiler chickens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Dietary L-citrulline modulates the growth performance, amino acid profile, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in broilers exposed to high temperature

et al. 2022

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Heat stress adversely affects the growth performance, muscle development, and protein metabolism in poultry. l-Citrulline (L-Cit), is a non-essential amino acid that is known to stimulate muscle protein synthesis under stress conditions. This study investigated whether L-Cit could influence the growth performance, amino acid profile, and protein metabolism in broilers exposed to high ambient temperature. In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, Arbor acre broilers (288 chickens) were fed with basal diet (CON) or 1% L-Cit supplemented diet and later subjected to either thermoneutral (TNZ: 24°C, 24 h/d) or heat stress (HS: 35°C for 8 h/d) environment for 21 days. The results showed that L-Cit diet promoted the body weight and body weight gain of broilers higher than the CON diet, and it further alleviated HS suppression of body weight and feed intake at certain periods (p < 0.05). Plasma urea, uric acid, glucose, and total cholesterol were elevated during HS, whereas, the triglyceride content was decreased (p < 0.05). Serum amino acids including citrulline, alanine, aspartate, and taurine were decreased by HS. L-Cit supplementation restored the citrulline level and alleviated HS induction of 3-methylhistidine (p < 0.05). L-Cit supplementation increased the plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration, as well as the GH concentration in the breast muscle (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression showed that HS elicited tissue-specific responses by upregulating some growth factors in the breast muscle, but downregulated the GH receptor, GH binding protein, and IGF-1 expression in the hypothalamus. L-Cit supplementation upregulated the GHRH and IGFBP2 expression in the hypothalamus. L-Cit also upregulated the expression of IGF-1R and IGFBP2 in the breast muscle of HS broilers. The total mTOR protein level in the breast muscle of HS broilers was also increased by L-Cit diet (p < 0.05). Therefore, this study demonstrated that HS negatively affected the growth performance of broilers and dysregulated the expression of growth factors related to protein metabolism. Contrarily, L-Cit promoted the growth responses of broilers via its stimulation of circulating GH/IGF-1 concentration. To certain extents, L-Cit supplementation elicited protective effects on the growth performance of HS broilers by diminishing protein catabolism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Dietary L-citrulline modulates the growth performance, amino acid profile, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in broilers exposed to high temperature

et al. 2022

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“…Broiler diets with high protein concentrations have been shown to facilitate the proliferation of C. perfringens, the causative agent of NE (Drew et al 2004;Wilkie et al 2005;Liu et al 2017). High-CP diets are likely to be less digestible than are reduced-protein diets, as the latter have higher additions of crystalline AA (Hilliar et al 2019;Dao et al 2021aDao et al , 2021b. Undigested AA from the small intestine may accumulate in the hindgut, providing nutrients for the proliferation of pathogenic microbes such as C. perfringens that may, consequently, influence gut health and growth performance in birds (Lan et al 2004;McDevitt et al 2006).…”

Section: Carcass Traits and Internal Organ Weightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementation of reduced protein diets with

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Context. Improving immune status through nutritional adjustments may be part of an effective strategy to reduce reliance on antibiotic growth promoters for controlling necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens. Aims. This study examined the effect of dietary protein level and the replacement of crystalline L-arginine (Arg) with L-citrulline (Cit) in the reduced-protein diet on the performance of broilers challenged with subclinical NE. Methods. Ross 308 cockerels (n = 720) were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments, with eight replicates of 15 birds per pen, during a 35-day feeding experiment. The treatments were as follows: standard protein without NE challenge (SP−); standard protein with NE challenge (SP+); reduced protein (two percentage points lower crude protein) without NE challenge (RP−); reduced protein with NE challenge (RP+); RP+ plus added Arg (103% of RP, RPA+) and RPC+ where supplemental Arg in RPA+ was replaced with Cit. The first four treatments were considered as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with factors being NE (− or +) and protein level (SP or RP). Treatments SP+, RP +, RPA+, and RPC+ were analysed by one-way ANOVA. Key results. Subclinical NE challenge reduced feed intake (FI), reduced body weight gain (BWG) and increased feed to gain ratio (FCR) from Day 0 to Day 35, increased intestinal lesion scores on Day 16, and reduced relative breast yield on Day 35 (P < 0.05). Feeding RP diets increased FI (P < 0.001), increased BWG (P < 0.01) and reduced FCR (P < 0.01) during the grower phase compared with SP diets when birds were challenged with NE. Birds in the RPC+ treatment had a lower overall FCR than did those in the SP+ treatment (P < 0.001). Birds in the RPA+ treatment had similar FI, BWG and FCR to those in the RP+ treatment (P > 0.05). Conclusions. Collectively, the results showed protective effects of replacing the supplemental Arg with Cit against NE in RP diets, as indicated by higher performance during and after the challenge. Implications. Feeding the RP diets supplemented with Cit may be part of an effective strategy to reduce reliance on antibiotic growth promoters for controlling NE in broiler chickens.

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“…In broiler chickens, Tan et al (2014) found that Arg supplementation decreased mucosal secretory IgG concentrations and gene expression of jejunal pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL-1b) during a coccidial vaccine challenge. As a metabolite of Arg, citrulline (Cit) has been demonstrated to have Arg-sparing effects in chickens and even more effective than Arg in increasing blood Arg concentrations (Su and Austic 1999;Lassala et al 2009;Dao et al 2021aDao et al , 2021b. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of Arg and Cit supplementation in reduced-protein diets on serum acute-phase protein, IL-6, immunoglobulins, mineral composition, and expression of nutrient-related, tight junction protein, mucin, and inflammatory-related genes in broilers during NE challenge.…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementation of reduced protein diets with

et al. 2022

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Context. The impact of necrotic enteritis (NE) on acute-phase proteins, interleukins, blood mineral profiles, and gene expression have not been well documented. Aims. This study aimed to determine the effects of L-arginine (Arg) or L-citrulline (Cit) supplementation on serum immunological parameters, serum mineral composition and gene expression in broilers fed reduced-protein diets (RP) during subclinical NE challenge. Methods. Ross 308 cockerels (n = 720) were randomly assigned to six experimental treatments, with eight replicates of 15 birds per pen. The treatments were standard protein without and with NE challenge (SP−, SP+); reduced protein (2% points lower crude protein) without and with NE challenge (RP−, RP+), RP plus added Arg (103% of Ross 308 requirement) with NE challenge (RPA+) and RPC+ where supplemental Arg in RPA+ was replaced with Cit. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was employed for the first four treatments. Additionally, treatments SP+, RP+, RPA+, and RPC+ were analysed by one-way ANOVA. Key results. The NE × protein interactions indicated that serum calcium concentration decreased in birds fed the RP diets only when challenged with NE (P < 0.05). The NE × protein interactions showed that the NE challenge downregulated the mRNA expression of jejunal y+ L amino acid transporter-2, and mucin 2 only in birds fed the RP diets (P < 0.05). Feeding the RP decreased expression of catenin alpha 1, but increased expression of claudin 5 and tight junction protein genes compared with the SP (P < 0.05). Birds in the RPC+ treatment had increased gene expression of tight junction protein and claudin 5 compared with the SP+ treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Dietary protein level and infection with NE both have an impact on immune response and expression of genes involved in immunity and nutrient digestibility. In part replacement of Arg with Cit in the RPC diet may have beneficial effects on gene expression in NE-challenged birds. Implications. Feeding RP diets may alleviate a decline in growth during subclinical NE by increasing gene expression of tight junction proteins compared with the SP diets.

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Effects of L-arginine and L-citrulline supplementation in reduced protein diets for broilers under normal and cyclic warm temperature

Cited by 9 publications

References 93 publications

Dietary L-citrulline modulates the growth performance, amino acid profile, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in broilers exposed to high temperature

Dietary L-citrulline modulates the growth performance, amino acid profile, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in broilers exposed to high temperature

Supplementation of reduced protein diets with

Supplementation of reduced protein diets with

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