Effects of ketamine, diazepam, and their combination on intraocular pressures in clinically normal dogs

Abstract

Compared with baseline values and values obtained from dogs in the SAL group, ketamine administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg, IV, caused a significant and clinically important increase in IOP in dogs in which premedication was not administered. Ketamine should not be used in dogs with corneal trauma or glaucoma or in those undergoing intraocular surgery.

Effects of ketamine, propofol, or thiopental administration on intraocular pressure and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses

“…14 Although there are reports of mild and nonsignificant IOP increases as a result of ketamine treatment in some veterinary species, 16,17 the drug typically causes significant increases in IOP in dogs (38%), cats (10%), and rabbits (198%). [18][19][20] Failure of the xylazine-guaifenesin protocol to prevent ketamine-induced increases in IOP further suggests that it may not be possible to prevent ketamineinduced extraocular muscle contraction in horses even following administration of xylazine and high doses of guaifenesin known to cause muscle relaxation.…”

“…14 In dogs, ketamine has been associated with mild and nonsignificant increases in IOP. 16,17 However, other studies [18][19][20] in dogs, cats, and rabbits have revealed significant increases in IOP following ketamine administration. The postulated mechanisms for the increase in IOP associated with ketamine involve an increase in choroidal blood flow as a result of an increase in blood pressure and also an increase in extraocular muscle tone.…”

Dissociative anesthetic combination reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits

“…In dogs and rabbits, ketamine-diazepam, given intravenously (IV) and IM respectively, increases IOP within 20 minutes after injection (HOFMEISTER et al, 2006;MOGHADDASSI, 2010). However, found that in dogs the combination of ketamine with midazolam in dogs did not change in IOP after 20 minutes of administration.…”

“…The effects of dissociative anesthetic combinations on IOP have been studied in dogs, horses, and rabbits (HOFMEISTER et al, 2006;TRIM;COLBERN;MARTIN, 1985;MOGHADDASSI, 2010).…”

“…Ketamine administered alone or in combination with diazepam, xylazine or acepromazine, is reported to increase IOP in dogs and rabbits (HOFMEISTER et al 2006;MOGHADDASSI, 2010). In contrast, no increase in IOP was measured after administration of ketamine following diazepam and meperidine (CUNNINGHAM; BARRy, 1986); similarly, xylazine was found to attenuate the effects of ketamine on IOP in horses (TRIM; COLBERN; MARTIN, 1985).…”