Effects of isoenergetic high-carbohydrate compared with high-fat diets on human cholesterol synthesis and expression of key regulatory genes of cholesterol metabolism

Vidon, Caroline; Boucher, Philippe; Cachefo, Ana; Peroni, Odile D.; Diraison, Frédérique; Beylot, M.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.5.878

Cited by 53 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A habitual diet which reduces the post-prandial glucose response, such as a low glycaemic load diet, can reduce the metabolic consequences of glucose intolerance, including delaying the manifestation of diabetes, without necessarily improving glucose tolerance itself [19,44]. Although we cannot rule out glycaemic load as an important factor for glucose tolerance, our finding that the effect of Palaeolithic diet on glucose tolerance was independent of carbohydrate intake agrees with earlier studies which do not indicate a beneficial effect of carbohydrate restriction on glucose tolerance [20,[45][46][47].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease

et al. 2007

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Aims/hypothesis Most studies of diet in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes have focused on intakes of fat, carbohydrate, fibre, fruits and vegetables. Instead, we aimed to compare diets that were available during human evolution with more recently introduced ones. Methods Twenty-nine patients with ischaemic heart disease plus either glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes were randomised to receive (1) a Palaeolithic ('Old Stone Age') diet (n=14), based on lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts; or (2) a Consensus (Mediterranean-like) diet (n=15), based on whole grains, low-fat dairy products, vegetables, fruits, fish, oils and margarines. Primary outcome variables were changes in weight, waist circumference and plasma glucose AUC (AUC Glucose 0-120 ) and plasma insulin AUC (AUC Insulin 0-120 ) in OGTTs. Results Over 12 weeks, there was a 26% decrease of AUC Glucose 0-120 (p=0.0001) in the Palaeolithic group and a 7% decrease (p=0.08) in the Consensus group. The larger (p= 0.001) improvement in the Palaeolithic group was independent (p=0.0008) of change in waist circumference (−5.6 cm in the Palaeolithic group, −2.9 cm in the Consensus group; p=0.03). In the study population as a whole, there was no relationship between change in AUC Glucose 0-120 and changes in weight (r=−0.06, p=0.9) or waist circumference (r=0.01, p=1.0). There was a tendency for a larger decrease of AUC Insulin 0-120 in the Palaeolithic group, but because of the strong association between change in AUC Insulin 0-120 and change in waist circumference (r=0.64, p=0.0003), this did not remain after multivariate analysis. Conclusions/interpretation A Palaeolithic diet may improve glucose tolerance independently of decreased waist circumference.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease

et al. 2007

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“…In agreement with a previous report (36), subjects studied when consuming the hHCHO diet had slightly lower cholesterol concentrations (P Ͻ 0.05) than when consuming the hHF diet. The contribution of hepatic lipogenesis to the circulating TG pool was, as expected, higher (P Ͻ 0.05) during the hHCHO diet (12.9 Ϯ 1.6%) than during the hHF diet (6.8 Ϯ 0.5%).…”

Section: Metabolite Concentrations and Hepatic Lipogenesis In Human Ssupporting

confidence: 93%

Comparison of the expression and activity of the lipogenic pathway in human and rat adipose tissue

Letexier

Pinteur

Large

et al. 2003

Journal of Lipid Research

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Lipogenesis is considered less active in human than in rat adipose tissue. This could be explained by different nutritional conditions, namely high-carbohydrate (HCHO) diet in rats and high-fat (HF) diet in humans. Adipose tissue was sampled (postabsorptive state) in rats and humans receiving HCHO or HF diets, ad libitum fed humans, and obese subjects. We measured 1 ) mRNA concentrations of fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), and carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), 2 ) SREBP-1c protein, and 3 ) FAS activity. FAS, ACC1, ChREBP, and SREBP1-c mRNA concentrations were unaffected by diet in humans or in rats. FAS and ACC1 mRNA levels were lower in humans than in rats ( P Ͻ 0.05). FAS activity was unaffected by diet and was lower in humans ( P Ͻ 0.05). SREBP-1c mRNA concentrations were similar in rats and humans, but the precursor and mature forms of SREBP-1c protein were less abundant in humans ( P Ͻ 0.05). ChREBP mRNA concentrations were lower in humans than in rats. In conclusion, the lipogenic capacity of adipose tissue is lower in humans than in rats. This is not related to differences in diet and is probably explained by lower abundance

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“…In these intervention studies, various solid or liquid diets were combined with different techniques to yield measures of glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. As shown, in non-diabetic subjects most studies revealed an increase of glucose tolerance (Anderson et al 1973;Swinburn et al 1991) or insulin sensitivity (Chen et al 1988;Fukagawa et al 1990;Vidon et al 2001;Sunehag et al 2002). Exceptionally, in one study by Jeppesen et al (1997) that indicated a lowering of insulin sensitivity with a high-carbohydrate diet, a number of women, although non-diabetic, had high degrees of insulin resistance.…”

Section: Intervention Studies Considering Dietary Carbohydrate Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the relationship between dietary carbohydrate intake and insulin resistance

McClenaghan

2005

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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Insulin resistance underlies type 2 diabetes, CVD and the metabolic syndrome, driven by changes in diet, lifestyle, energy over-consumption and obesity. Nutritional recommendations for insulin resistance remain an area of controversy, particularly the quantity and types of dietary carbohydrate. The present review gives an overview of insulin resistance, its relationship to impaired insulin secretion and the metabolic syndrome, research methodologies used to measure insulin action and the epidemiological and intervention studies on the relationship between dietary carbohydrate and insulin resistance. Epidemiological studies provide little evidence to suggest that total dietary carbohydrate predicts risk of type 2 diabetes, and high-carbohydrate, high-fibre diets with low-glycaemic index (GI) may even contribute to diabetes prevention. Despite inherent limitations associated with techniques used to measure insulin resistance and dietary assessment, most intervention studies reveal an increase in glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity with highcarbohydrate, low-fat diets in non-diabetic and diabetic individuals. When energy is restricted the source or reduced content of carbohydrate does not appear to be as important as fat for body weight. Thus, low energy intake is key to weight loss and augmentation of insulin sensitivity. Given this, widespread adoption of popular low-carbohydrate high-fat diets highlights the necessity to evaluate dietary interventions regarding safety and metabolic effects. While current evidence supports FAO/WHO recommendations to maintain a highcarbohydrate diet with low-GI foods, the relationships between carbohydrate and insulin sensitivity remains an important research area. Emerging technologies should further enhance understanding of gene -diet interactions in insulin resistance, providing useful information for future nutrition policy decisions.

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Effects of isoenergetic high-carbohydrate compared with high-fat diets on human cholesterol synthesis and expression of key regulatory genes of cholesterol metabolism

Abstract: The beneficial effects of the HC diet on glucose tolerance and plasma cholesterol concentrations without increases in triacylglycerol show that this diet had favorable effects on both insulin sensitivity and the plasma lipid profile.

Cited by 53 publications

References 39 publications

A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease

A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease

Comparison of the expression and activity of the lipogenic pathway in human and rat adipose tissue

Determining the relationship between dietary carbohydrate intake and insulin resistance

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