Effects of intravenous glucose or epinephrine injection on plasma concentrations of potassium, magnesium and insulin in sheep.

Yano, Hideo; Nagaoka, Chisato; Kawashima, Ryoji

doi:10.3177/jnsv.30.535

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Magnesium is reported to reduce the catecholamine effect during acute stress [54,55] as well as reduce neuromuscular stimulation via its antagonism of calcium [56,57]. Catecholamine release from activation of the sympathetic nervous system decreases plasma magnesium concentrations [58,59,60]. While the magnitude of β-adrenergic effect on magnesium depletion is unknown, it is suggested to be a bidirectional mechanism with hypomagnesaemia itself thought to activate catecholamine release.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Biochemical Measurements to Identify Pre-Slaughter Stress in Pasture Finished Beef Cattle

Loudon

Tarr

Pethick

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryProducing a product that delivers a consistently high-quality eating experience is paramount to the Australian beef industry to ensure consumer satisfaction and return protein purchasing. The importance of minimising pre-slaughter stress in cattle for animal welfare and meat quality is well understood by the industry, however, there currently exists no objective measurement of detecting which cattle are at greatest risk of producing poor quality meat. A pre-slaughter measurement would enable the beef industry to detect at risk cattle and implement an intervention strategy prior to slaughter. Muscle damage enzyme creatine kinase was the plasma biomarker most correlated with meat quality and a two-week rest period prior to slaughter was beneficial for improving quality. Further research is required to determine the usefulness of creatine kinase as an objective measurement on a commercial scale and the cost benefit of a two-week rest period for the industry. AbstractThis study considered the relationship between pre-slaughter stressors and plasma biomarkers in 488 pasture-raised cattle across two experiments. The design aimed to test groups consisting of steer only, heifer only, and mixed sex cattle under direct kill versus rested (14 days in abattoir holding paddocks) protocols. In Experiment One, cattle were sourced from four farms, and transported by trucks and ships on the same day. In Experiment Two, cattle were sourced from four farms where a comparison was made between marketing via two commercial saleyards or direct farm gate consignment to abattoir. Blood samples were collected at exsanguination for subsequent analyses and relation to meat quality attributes. Muscle damage, as indicated by creatine kinase, is the biomarker most correlated to ultimate pH and muscle glycogen concentrations. A two-week rest period is effective for lowering this enzyme and improving muscle glycogen concentration. Although the cattle was subjected to a range of stress inducing treatments, we found that plasma biomarkers alone appeared insufficient for use as diagnostic stress indicators.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Biochemical Measurements to Identify Pre-Slaughter Stress in Pasture Finished Beef Cattle

Loudon

Tarr

Pethick

et al. 2019

Animals

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“…Pre-slaughter magnesium supplementation in pigs [57] and sheep [58] has been associated with lower ultimate pH and meat quality, presumably by reducing neuromuscular stimulation and catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla. The relationship with magnesium and catecholamines is cyclical in nature, as catecholamine release causes a shift of magnesium from the extracellular into the intracellular fluid and the resultant decreased circulating magnesium induces a type of stress and increased catecholamine secretion [59,60,61]. The association between plasma magnesium and MQ4 is small, and as muscle glycogen was not related to MQ4, it suggests the mechanism of magnesium is not through a protective effect on glycogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Pre-Slaughter Stress on Beef Eating Quality

Loudon

Tarr

Lean³

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryConsumer satisfaction is essential to the beef industry to ensure return protein purchasing. The Meat Standards Australia grading system has been pivotal in regulating the quality and consistency of meat palatability by creating objective measurements such as carcass characteristics, genetics systems, and production systems to predict consumer eating quality. One of the main objective measurements for carcass compliance is the ultimate pH of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum; however, recent research has demonstrated that pre-slaughter stress is eroding beef eating quality in pH compliant carcasses. Pre-slaughter mixing and transport was associated with lower eating quality in certain cuts. A two-week rest period at the abattoir prior to slaughter was beneficial for improving consumer sensory eating quality scores. Further research is required to determine if the muscle damage enzyme creatine kinase could be used commercially as an objective measurement to identify which cattle could benefit from a pre-slaughter rest period to improve beef quality.AbstractThe study evaluated the relationship between pre-slaughter stress, plasma biomarkers and consumer-evaluated eating quality of pasture raised beef cattle (n = 488). The design tested steer only, heifer only and mixed sex cattle with a comparison of direct kill versus a 14 day rest period in abattoir holding paddocks prior to slaughter. Experiment One sourced cattle from four farms and tested shipping and road transport. Experiment Two sourced cattle from four farms and tested a commercial saleyard pathway. The impact on treatment on untrained consumer eating quality scores were tested on five muscle groups, m. psoas major, m. longissimus dorsi lumborum, m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosis, and m. infraspinatus. Across all muscles, a two-week rest period had the biggest improvement in sensory score. Mixed groups scored lower in the outside muscle than non-mixed groups. However, the mixing response was inconsistent in the eye round muscle and not significant in the other muscles. Plasma glucose and L-lactate indicated a marked acute stress response at slaughter with a small detrimental impact on consumer score. The muscle damage enzyme markers creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were strongly associated with a lower meat quality score (MQ4). Neither β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) nor non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were associated with MQ4, suggesting that fat mobilisation does not impact consumer sensory score.

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“…Decreasing insulin concentrations enable lipolysis, which was confirmed by increased NEFA concentrations during feed restriction in our study. Insulin concentration followed the pattern of increased glucose levels after dry-off, particularly when abundant glucose is available (Yang et al, 1984), suggesting the initiation of counterregulation for re-establishing of glucose homeostasis. Similar to insulin, IGF-1 concentration in plasma decreased during feed restriction before dry-off, which is in agreement with observations of Herve et al (2019).…”

Section: Effect Of Dietary Treatments Feed Restriction and Dry-off On...mentioning

confidence: 93%

Effect of different dietary regimens at dry-off on performance, metabolism, and immune system in dairy cows

Jermann

Fritsche

Wagner

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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Concentrate withdrawal and feed restriction are commonly used to reduce milk production and to facilitate dry-off, but may impair immune function in dairy cows. We investigated the effect of feed rations providing different amounts of nutrients in combination with feed restriction on performance, endocrine, and metabolic responses, as well as on leukocyte function before and after abrupt dry-off. Forty-three cows were studied from d 12 before until d 6 after dry-off (56 d before scheduled calving). Cows were fed experimental concentrates rich in crude protein (nitrogenic, n = 14), glucogenic precursors (glucogenic, n = 14), or lipids (lipogenic, n = 15). On d 3 before dry-off, total feed allowance was restricted to 50% in half of the animals of each dietary group, whereas feed allowance remained unchanged in the other animals. Performance parameters (milk yield, milk composition, and dry matter intake) were recorded, and daily blood and milk samples were taken and analyzed for various metabolic and endocrine parameters. Additionally, activity and mRNA abundance of several genes in leukocytes were measured at selected time points before and after feed restriction and dryoff, respectively. Feed restriction immediately resulted in a negative energy balance and decreased milk production. Concomitantly, concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids increased, whereas insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and glucagon decreased. After dry-off, energy balance turned positive and plasma nonesterified fatty acids decreased. Plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations increased in all groups after dry-off. Glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations in plasma were higher in nonrestricted compared with restricted animals after dry-off. The experimental concentrate types marginally affected the investigated metabolic and endocrine factors, with the exception of elevated milk and plasma urea concentrations in cows fed the nitrogenic concentrate. Chemotactic and phagocytic activity of leukocytes were not affected by diets, feed restriction, or dry-off. Likewise, blood leukocyte mRNA abundance encoding for tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), heat shock protein family A (HSP70), and the glucose transporters (GLUT) 1 and 3 remained unchanged throughout the study period. Overall, the short-term negative energy balance induced by feed restriction was temporarily accompanied by metabolic adaptations, but did not alter the studied factors related to the immune system. Metabolic and endocrine adaptations supporting milk synthesis were continued during the first days after dry-off despite cessation of milking. Thus, the abrupt dry-off resulted in a short-term increase of glucose and triglyceride concentrations, with a delayed endocrine response to re-establish nutrient homeostasis in blood.

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Effects of intravenous glucose or epinephrine injection on plasma concentrations of potassium, magnesium and insulin in sheep.

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

The Use of Biochemical Measurements to Identify Pre-Slaughter Stress in Pasture Finished Beef Cattle

The Use of Biochemical Measurements to Identify Pre-Slaughter Stress in Pasture Finished Beef Cattle

The Impact of Pre-Slaughter Stress on Beef Eating Quality

Effect of different dietary regimens at dry-off on performance, metabolism, and immune system in dairy cows

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