Effects of intrabronchial foreign body retention

Airway foreign body removal by flexible bronchoscopy: experience with 1027 children during 2000–2008

“…[20,21] Bonchial changes (thickening of bronchial wall, cartilage damage and fi brosis) appear when the retention of FBs is longer than 30 days. [22] We found previously the relationship between retention of FB and airway remodeling. [19] Hence, early diagnosis and management of FBA are required.…”

Foreign body aspiration in children: The value of diagnostic criteria

“…It is generally accepted that the longer the FB stays in the tracheobronchial tree, the more frequently complications occur [12,18]. Organic FBs which cause intense chemical reaction is another factor that increases the rate of complications [30]. In this series, there was only one major complication due to cardiac arrest, and this was a pre-bronchoscopy complication.…”

Lung recovery after rigid bronchoscopic removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children

“…Most of the complications from rigid bronchoscopy were caused by the impacted object itself or inadvertent instrumentation and subsequent mucosal changes [10]. Stasis of secretions with pneumonia occurs commonly, either because of the wedged FB or the bronchial mucosal damage leading to local edema [14][15][16][17]. An additional complication of FBs is tracheobronchial mucosal bleeding [13].…”

“…Chest radiographs in patients immediately following airway FB may include emphysema or atelectasis [6], and clinical and radiological indications of inflammation, pneumonia and atelectasis were significantly more common in patients in whom diagnosis was delayed [6][7][8]. Organic FBs and longer retention of FBs constitute major risk factors in the development of bronchiectasis [8,14,15], with an experimental study showing that the 30-day retention of an intrabronchial peanut caused bronchial cartilage destruction and fibrosis, which were attributed to bronchiectatic changes in the airways of the lung parenchyma [15]. More severe preoperative pulmonary inflammation induced by airway FBs has been associated with delayed pulmonary recovery after FB removal, although we did not observe a correlation between the presence of chest inflammation and the delayed diagnosis of airway FBs.…”