Effects of interval training on cardio metabolic risk factors and nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of interval training on cardio metabolic risk factors and nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes patients. Method This single blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at cardiology clinic of Rajaee hospital in Karaj. Thirty female patients with type 2 diabetes randomly assigned to interval training exercise (n = 15) and control (n = 15). In interval training exercise patients received interval training exercise with 18 sessions (three sessions per week). Each training session took 25 min and consists a single set of exercise with 10 time repetitions. Training was performed on a cycle ergometer set in constant watt mode at a pedal cadence of 80-100 revolutions/min. Each repetition of the training takes 60 s and there will be a 60 s recovery pried between each repetition.Each training session include a 3-min warm-up and 2-min cool-down at 50 W for a total of 25 min. Blood samples and of all the subjects were taken at baseline, 3 weeks after intervention and at the end of the study (6 weeks). Results In intervention group, comparing with controls participants, a significant decrease were observed in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and HA1c after training program (p < 0.05). Moreover,exercise significantly increased the level of NOx (p < 0.05). Other cardiometabolic risk factors including SBP, DBP, FPG, LDL, HDL, insulin level, insulin resistance, HR, VO2 max, did not show significant differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Results of current study showed that interval training as a type of planned physical activity can be effective in lowering cardiovascular risk factors, especially lowering cholesterol and triglycerides, and can also have a beneficial effect on improving NO.

Impact of exercise training duration on obesity and cardiometabolic biomarkers: a systematic review

“…Of the 19 full text articles finalised to be included in the review, eight studies employed comparative high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to assess its effect on cardiometabolic biomarkers [ 5 , 8 , 12 – 14 , 20 , 22 , 23 ]. Seven studies took onto aerobic exercises to see their effect on various physiological markers [ 6 , 11 , 15 , 21 , 24 , 26 , 27 ].…”

“…The studies included in common sedentary obese/overweight individuals described with varied terminologies in the different articles on the basis of gender, lifestyle, health status, etc. [ 5 , 8 , 13 , 22 ]Subjects were physically overweight/obese: college students [ 27 , 28 ], and adolescent girls [ 14 ], Diabetic type 2 women [ 22 ], infertile women [ 15 ], post-menopausal women on HRT[ 11 ], only women [ 5 , 8 , 11 , 13 – 15 , 22 , 26 – 28 ] only males [ 12 ].…”

“…Arefirad et al 2020 conducted the RCT by subjecting the female type 2 diabetic subjects to High interval training versus Control Group however has not conducted analysis on the anthropometric measures but found between group difference in 6 weeks in TC, Triglycerides and HbA1c [ 22 ].…”

“… [ 5 ] Huffman 2014 (RCT) 18–70 years; CG:Inactive: N = 20; L/M: N = 15; L/V: N = 20; H/V: N = 17; AT/RT: N = 20 and RT:N = 20; USA Inactive Subjects, age 18–70 years, overweight to mildly obese (BMI 25–35 kg/m2) and dyslipidaemic Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, known cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal conditions that prohibited exercise training, used tobacco or medications or specific dietary regimen. [ 22 ] Irving 2009 (randomized trial) 51 ± 9 years; CG:N = 7; LIET EG: N = 11 and HIET EG: N = 9 ; Virginia Middle age adults who Met IDF criteria i.e. elevated waist circumference with at least two of; elevated FBG/ low HDL-C/ hyper triglyceridemia, and/or elevated BP, isocaloric conditions) Participants who didn’t meet IDF criteria.…”

Effect of exercise training on nitric oxide and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) production: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The main characteristics and findings of all 15 included studies ( Higashi et al, 1999 ; Narin et al, 2003 ; Maeda et al, 2004 ; Wang, 2005 ; Mourot et al, 2009 ; Krause et al, 2014 ; Elsisi et al, 2016 ; Ghardashi Afousi et al, 2016 ; Tomeleri et al, 2017 ; Tsukiyama et al, 2017 ; Ghahremani Moghadam and Hejazi, 2018 ; Hasegawa et al, 2018 ; Izadi et al, 2018 ; Mohammadi et al, 2018 ; Arefirad et al, 2020 ) in the systematic review are presented in Table 1 comprising 527 participants. Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis, comprising 265 participants ( Higashi et al, 1999 ; Narin et al, 2003 ; Maeda et al, 2004 ; Ghardashi Afousi et al, 2016 ; Tomeleri et al, 2017 ; Ghahremani Moghadam and Hejazi, 2018 ; Hasegawa et al, 2018 ; Izadi et al, 2018 ; Mohammadi et al, 2018 ; Arefirad et al, 2020 ). All studies were performed from 1999 to 2020, with sample sizes ranging from 12 to 60 healthy or unhealthy individuals.…”