Effects of Interferon Beta in COVID-19 adult patients: Systematic Review

Abstract

Background The high rate of transmission and infection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of major epidemiological concern. No definitive treatments have been established, and vaccinations have only recently begun. We aim to review the efficacy and safety of Interferon Beta (IFN-β) in patients who have a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Materials and Methods A search from PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases were conducted from December 2019 to December 2020 to review the efficacy and safety of IFN-β in adult patients with COVID-19 confirmed. We included randomized controlled trials, case reports, and experimental studies. Correspondences, letters, editorials, reviews, commentaries, case control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies that did not include any new clinical data were excluded. Results Of the 66 searched studies, 8 were included in our review. These studies demonstrated that although IFN-β did not reduce the time to clinical response, there was an increase in discharge rate at day 14 and a decrease in mortality at day 28. The time to negative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was shown to be significantly shortened in patients receiving IFN-β, along with a lower nasopharyngeal viral load. Further, patients receiving IFN-β had a less significant rise in IL-6. IFN-β was shown to decrease intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate, the requirement of invasive ventilation in severe cases, and improve the survival rate compared to control groups. There were no severe adverse events reported. Our review found that patients who received early treatment with IFN-β experienced significantly reduced length of hospitalization, mortality, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation. A greater chance of clinical improvement and improved imaging studies was noted in patients who received IFN-β. There were no reported deaths associated with the addition of IFN-β. Further randomized trials involving more significant sample sizes are needed to better understand the effect of IFN-β on survival in COVID-19. Conclusion This review identified encouraging data and outcomes of incorporating IFN-β to treat COVID-19 patients. IFN-β has been shown to decrease hospital stay's overall length and decrease the severity of respiratory symptoms when added to the standard of care. Also, in some studies, it has been demonstrated to reduce the length of ICU stay, enhance survival rate, and decrease the need for invasive mechanical ventilation. There were minor side effects reported (neuropsychiatric symptoms and hypersensitivity reaction). However, randomized clinical trials with a large sample size are needed to assess IFN-β's benefit precisely.

Host genetics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

“…calcineurin inhibitors) [ 1 ]. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2-infected children with genetic defects in innate immune responses, including type I IFN, may benefit from treatment with recombinant interferon [ 57 ] to help control viral replication in advance of a potential CSS. Genetics may thus tailor therapy for children with COVID-19 and MIS-C, but patient selection and timing of treatment will be critical.…”

Efficacy of Interferon-β in Moderate-to-Severe Hospitalised Cases of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…Nakhlband et al [ 25 ] analysed the effect of IFN-β on LOHS in their meta-analysis, which included three studies, and found a significant reduction in the LOHS by IFN-β in comparison to control. Another systematic review by Sosa et al [ 26 ] also shows a decrease in overall hospital stay following addition of IFN-β to the current standard of care. However, WHO Solidarity trial found no significant difference in LOHS between groups of COVID-19 patients treated with IFN-β compared to standard of care [ 21 , 23 ].…”

Distinct type I interferon responses between younger women and older men contribute to the variability of COVID-19 outcomes: Hypothesis generating insights from COVID-19 convalescent individuals

“…In view of the previously shown favorable effects of IL-6 blockade [53] and administration of IFNβ in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 [54] , together with the ying-yang observed between type I IFNs and IL-6 across sex and age groups, it would be tempting to hypothesize that concomitant administration of these agents could maximize therapeutic efficacy among high risk populations. However, such data are currently lacking.…”