Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II on the growth of antler cells in vitro

Sadighi, M; Haines, Stephen R.; Skottner, A.; Harris, AJ; Suttie, J. M.

doi:10.1677/joe.0.1430461

Cited by 46 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Transfection of an antler blastema using biolistic particle delivery 30 h after the old antler had been cast. the presence of IGF-I and IGF-II receptors in the antler tip (Elliott et al 1992(Elliott et al , 1993, and in vitro both stimulate proliferation of antler cells (Price et al 1994;Sadighi et al 1994). In a search for anabolic agents that could be used to treat diseases such as osteoporosis, Mundy et al (2001) examined antler extracts for potential osteoblast stimulating factors.…”

Section: Local Factors That Regulate Antler Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AGS is the non-gonadal trophic factor whose existence was first suggested 60 years ago (Wislocki 1943). The rationale for concluding that IGF-I could be AGS comes from the observation that seasonal peaks in circulating IGF-I coincide with the period of rapid antler growth (Suttie et al 1985), the presence of IGF receptors in the antler tip (Elliott et al 1992) and the fact that IGFs increase the proliferation of cells from perichondrium, mesenchyme and cartilage (Price et al 1994;Sadighi et al 1994). There is evidence for an association between IGF-I concentrations and serum testosterone (Ditchkoff et al 2001;Li et al 2003), although whether previously elevated plasma testosterone levels are directly responsible for the subsequent IGF-I peak remains unclear.…”

Section: The Control Of Antler Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Price

Allen

2004

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

110

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Deer antlers are the only mammalian appendages capable of repeated rounds of regeneration; every year they are shed and regrow from a blastema into large branched structures of cartilage and bone that are used for fighting and display. Longitudinal growth is by a process of modified endochondral ossification and in some species this can exceed 2 cm per day, representing the fastest rate of organ growth in the animal kingdom. However, despite their value as a unique model of mammalian regeneration the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We review what is currently known about the local and systemic regulation of antler regeneration and some of the many unsolved questions of antler physiology are discussed. Molecules that we have identified as having potentially important local roles in antlers include parathyroid hormone-related peptide and retinoic acid (RA). Both are present in the blastema and in the rapidly growing antler where they regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro. Recent studies have shown that blockade of RA signalling can alter cellular differentiation in the blastema in vivo. The trigger that regulates the expression of these local signals is likely to be changing levels of sex steroids because the process of antler regeneration is linked to the reproductive cycle. The natural assumption has been that the most important hormone is testosterone, however, at a cellular level oestrogen may be a more significant regulator. Our data suggest that exogenous oestrogen acts as a 'brake', inhibiting the proliferation of progenitor cells in the antler tip while stimulating their differentiation, thus inhibiting continued growth. Deciphering the mechanism(s) by which sex steroids regulate cell-cycle progression and cellular differentiation in antlers may help to address why regeneration is limited in other mammalian tissues.

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Section: Local Factors That Regulate Antler Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Control Of Antler Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Price

Allen

2004

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

110

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“…Antlers were obtained from 4-to 5-year-old red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) under conditions approved by the Invermay Animal Ethics Committee and essentially as described by Sadighi et al (1994). Antlers were removed 30, 60 and 90 days after the casting of the previous hard antler (n=3-5 per developmental stage).…”

Section: Animals Tissues and Cell Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All tissues were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen within 15 min of antler removal and stored at 80 C. Antler cells were obtained from 60-day dermal, reserve mesenchymal, pre-cartilaginous and cartilaginous layers. Reserve mesenchymal, pre-cartilaginous and cartilaginous layers were dispersed, cultured and maintained as described (Sadighi et al 1994). The dermal tissue was dispersed in medium consisting of Dulbecco's Minimal Essential Medium (DMEM: Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO, USA) containing 0·1% (w/v) BSA (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd, Auckland, NZ), 2000 U/ml collagenase (Sigma), 1000 U/ml penicillin (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Gibco-BRL) and incubated for 24 h at 36 C under 5% (v/v) CO 2 .…”

Section: Animals Tissues and Cell Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of neurotrophin-3 in the growing velvet antler of the red deer Cervus elaphus

Garcia¹,

Sadighi²,

Francis³

et al. 1997

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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Antlers are organs of bone which regenerate each year from the heads of male deer. In addition to bone, support tissues such as nerves also regenerate. Nerves must grow at up to 1 cm/day. The control of this rapid growth of nerves is unknown. We examined the relative expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA in the different tissues of the growing antler tip and along the epidermal/ dermal layer of the antler shaft of the red deer Cervus elaphus, using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Expression in the tip was found to be highest in the epidermal/dermal layer and lowest in the cartilaginous layer in all developmental stages examined. These data correlate well with the density and pattern of innervation of these tissues. Along the epidermal/dermal layer of the antler shaft, expression was highest in the segments subjacent to the tip and lowest near the base, arguing for differences in the temporal expression of NT-3 in these segments. The expression of NT-3 in cells isolated from the different layers of 60-day antlers did not mirror that observed when whole tissues were used and may suggest regional specificity of NT-3 expression within antler tissues.

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“…Different tissue types were located for in vitro studies by distance measurement: the tissue 0.75 cm distal to the antler tip was classified as proliferative, and the tissue 0.75-1.5 cm distal to the tip was defined as mature (Sadighi et al, 1994). Price et al (1994) classified antler tip into three zones by vascularity macroscopically for in vitro studies: a thin strip of vascular zone was called undifferentiated tissue; the relatively avascular zone was defined as the reserve mesenchyme and the cartilage zone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sampling technique to discriminate the different tissue layers of growing antler tips for gene discovery

Clark

Lord

et al. 2002

Anat. Rec.

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The utilization of a deer antler model to study gene expression in tissues undergoing rapid growth has been hampered by an inability to sample the different tissue types. We report here a standardized procedure to identify different tissue types in growing antler tips and demonstrate that it can help in the classification of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). The procedure was developed using observable morphological markers within the unstained tissue at collection, and was validated by histological assessments and virtual Northern blotting. Four red deer antlers were collected at 60 days of growth and the tips (top 5 cm) were then removed. The following observable markers were identified distoproximally: the dermis (4.86 mm), the subdermal bulge (2.90 mm), the discrete columns (6.50 mm), the transition zone (a mixture of discrete and continuous columns) (3.22 mm), and the continuous columns (8.00 mm). The histological examination showed that these markers corresponded to the dermis, reserve mesenchyme, precartilage, transitional tissue from precartilage to cartilage, and cartilage, respectively. The gene expression studies revealed that these morphologically identified layers were functionally distinct tissue types and had distinct gene expression profiles. We believe that precisely defining these tissue types in growing antler tips will greatly facilitate new discoveries in this exciting field. Anat Rec 268: 125-130, 2002.

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Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II on the growth of antler cells in vitro

Cited by 46 publications

References 11 publications

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Expression of neurotrophin-3 in the growing velvet antler of the red deer Cervus elaphus

Sampling technique to discriminate the different tissue layers of growing antler tips for gene discovery

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