“…Instructional set is the direction given to a parent prior to a standardized observation that communicates the examiners' expectations regarding parenting behavior. Although the impact of instructional set has not been examined in the behavioral observation of parent-child interactions, other literatures demonstrate that altering instructions even slightly can significantly influence behaviors (Hartmann, 2001;Hartmann & Vanem, 2003;Kelly, Janke, & Shumway-Cook, 2010;Sloan, Marx, Epstein, & Lexington, 2007;Wilson, Sandler, Asmundson, & Larsen, 1991). Areas of investigation outside of the parenting literature suggest that specific instructions can reduce individuals' confusion and increase targeted behaviors.…”