Effects of inspiratory muscle exercise in the pulmonary function, autonomic modulation, and hemodynamic variables in older women with metabolic syndrome

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of inspiratory muscle exercise (IME) on metabolic and hemodynamic parameters, cardiac autonomic modulation and respiratory function of older women with metabolic syndrome (MS). For this, sixteen older women with MS and 12 aged-matched controls participated of the present study. Two days before and 2 days after the main experiment, fasting blood samples (i.e., total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose), cardiac autonomic modulation (i.e., heart rate variability), and respiratory muscle function were obtained and evaluated. The sessions of physical exercise was based on a IME, which was performed during 7 days. Each session of IME was performed during 20 min, at 30% of maximal static inspiratory pressure. In the results, MS group presented higher levels of triglycerides, blood glucose, and systolic blood pressure when compared to control group. IME was not able to change these variables. However, although MS group showed impaired respiratory muscle strength and function, as well as cardiac autonomic modulation, IME was able to improve these parameters. Thus, the data showed that seven days of IME are capable to improve respiratory function and cardiac autonomic modulation of older women with MS. These results indicate that IME can be a profitable therapy to counteracting the clinical markers of MS, once repeated sessions of acute IME can cause chronical alterations on respiratory function and cardiac autonomic modulation.

Treinamento muscular respiratório em idosos: estudo de revisão

“…Em relação ao tempo utilizado para a intervenção, os estudos variaram entre uma e oito semanas de treinamento. Um dos estudos treinou a musculatura de idosas com e sem síndrome metabólica por 7 dias, 15 outro utilizou 12 dias para realizar a intervenção; 2 2 estudos tiveram uma duração de 6 semanas, 8,14 3 com duração de 8 semanas, 9,12,13 e o treinamento por 10 semanas foi realizado em um dos estudos. 4 A frequência de TMR durante a semana também variou, com um trabalho realizando três treinos por semana 4 e dois estudos…”

“…13,20,21 Os resultados de Silva et al 13 corroboram a maioria dos estudos prévios, quando um protocolo de oito semanas com Threshold foi suficiente para diminuir os níveis de glicose sanguínea, mostrando ser uma estratégia alternativa para aqueles pacientes que têm contraindicações para a realização de outras modalidades de exercícios. Em contrapartida, o protocolo de sete dias de TMR utilizado por Feriani et al 15 não foi suficiente para obter alterações significativas na glicose sanguínea de idosas com síndrome metabólica, sendo necessários mais dias de treino para tais alterações.…”

Case Study: RMT as an Intervention for Cardiopulmonary Decline

“…A proposed mechanism here is that a reduction of peripheral vasoconstriction caused by respiratory metaboreflex [6]. More recently, RMT has also been shown to improve cardiac autonomic modulation, and cardiac and peripheral autonomic controls and cardiac output, highlighting the direct effect of RMT on cardiac function [7][8][9].…”

Impact of RMT on Pulmonary Function and Vascular Compliance - a Case Report<b> </b>

“…A proposed mechanisms here is that a reduction of peripheral vasoconstriction caused by respiratory metaboreflex [6]. More recently, RMT has also been shown to improve cardiac autonomic modulation, and cardiac and peripheral autonomic controls and cardiac output, highlighting the direct effect of RMT on cardiac function [7][8][9]. It is therefore reasonable to speculate that the improvements in vascular elasticity observed in this subject reflect a combinatorial effect of improved cardiac function and circulation, reduced flow resistance, as well as mechanisms that require further elucidation in future studies.…”