Effects of Inorganic Fertilisers and Sunnhemp (<i>Crotalaria juncea</i> [L.]) as a Green Manure Crop on Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> [l.]) Growth, Seed Yield and Labour Cost

Abstract

Maize is the staple food in Swaziland but there have been shortfalls in production mainly due to the high cost of commercial fertilisers. One possible means of addressing the problem is the use of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), a green manuring legume, which is cheap and easy to produce. A field experiment was conducted at the Malkerns Research Station during the 2014/2015 cropping season. The main objective of the study was to evaluate whether sunnhemp can be used as a substitute for inorganic fertilisers. The treatments were (1) maize with 40 kg/ha sunnhemp used as mulch, (2) maize with 80 kg/ha sunnhemp used as mulch, (3) maize with 120 kg/ha sunnhemp used as mulch, (4) maize with 40 kg/ha sunnhemp soil incorporated, (5) maize with 80 kg/ha sunnhemp soil incorporated, (6) maize with 120 kg/ha sunnhemp soil incorporated (7) maize with no fertilisers (8) maize with half rates of inorganic fertilisers and (9) Maize with recommended rates of inorganic fertilisers. The design of the experiment was a randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated four times. Maize variety SC 403 was used. Data were collected on sunnhemp biomass, cost of placement and rate of mineralisation. Maize data were on growth, yield and yield components. The results on labour cost of placement show that soil incorporation was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than mulching with sunnhemp being 29.8 man-days/ha while it was 18.6 man-days/ha for mulching. The amount of mineralised sunnhemp was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in incorporated sunnhemp than from sunnhemp used as mulch. Maize grown with 120 kg/ha of sunnhemp yielded 7662.7 kg/ha while maize with 40 kg/ha of sunnhemp was lowest with 7251.1 kg/ha, a yield difference of 5.4%. Maize from soil incorporated sunnhemp yielded 7519.3 kg/ha while maize grown with sunnhemp used as mulch was lower with 7325.0 kg/ha, a yield difference of 2.6%. Maize grown with the recommended rates of fertilisers yielded higher than the rest of the treatments, it yielded 8405.7 kg/ha while maize grown with 80 kg/ha of sunnhemp later used as mulch was lowest with 6945.7 kg/ha. It is concluded that labour cost of sunnhemp placement was significantly (P < 0.01) higher for soil incorporation than mulching. Nitrogen mineralisation was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when sunnhemp was incorporated than when used as mulch. It is recommended that farmers grow their maize with 80 kg/ha of sunnhemp and use it as mulch seven weeks after planting.

Effects of different legume green manures on tropical soil microbiology after corn harvest

“…Purely green manures sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and velvet bean (Stizolobium aterrimum) have known use in several studies with positive yields in the development of postestablished cultures (Mabuza et al 2016). The forages calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) and stylo (Stylosanthes spp.)…”

Effect of Green Manure Application on Soil Enzyme Activity and Nutrient Dynamics in a Sugarcane Field of Kitadaito, Okinawa, Japan

“…In general, the application of legume green manure (GM) is considered a practical and functional approach to recover soil fertility, because it improves the soil physical S. Mambu et al conditions, supplies nutrients for subsequent plant growth, and stimulates the soil microbial dynamics, such as enzyme activity (Goyal et al 1999, Cherr et al 2006, Kumar et al 2013. Many studies have observed that the incorporation of GM increases the soil organic C, available N, phosphorus (P), potassium, and sulfur contents even in tropical croplands (Sangakkara et al 2004, Bokhtiar & Sakurai 2005, Mabuza et al 2016. However, in Okinawa, GM cultivation is not currently popular, except for in Miyakojima Island, because most local farmers want to conduct ratooning sugarcane cultivation, which is a labor-saving and cost-effective cultivation method.…”