Effects of infections on the pathogenesis of cancer

Liardo, Rocco Luca Emanuele; Borzì, Antonio Maria; Spatola, Corrado; Martino, Barbara Di; Privitera, Giuseppe; Burzotta, Francesco; Biondi, Antonio; Vacante, Marco

doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_339_19

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…For one, although infections pose a significant and immediate stress on the body, the long-term effect of this stress may not be easily ascertained. In fact, numerous studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between acute infection and cancer development [ 20 ]. This may be because acute infections are typically characterized by rapid onset and production of cytokines and acute phase reactants, signaling a robust immune response; conversely, a chronic infection may indicate a failure or retardation of the immune system, therefore increasing susceptibility for development of malignancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Colorectal Cancer After Intestinal Infection Due to Clostridioides difficile

Patel,

Cardeiro,

Frankel

et al. 2024

World J Oncol

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Background Clostridioides difficile ( C. difficile or C. diff ) is a toxin-producing bacteria that is notorious for causing life-threatening diarrhea. Recent literature has investigated various effects of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in cancer patients, but research into the impact of CDI on the development of cancer and its effects on the microbiome is limited. CDI predominately affects the colon, which urges consideration into the sequalae of infection. This study investigated the correlation between CDI and the incidence of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Methods A retrospective study (2010 - 2020) was conducted using a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant national database. The International Classification of Disease ninth and 10th Codes (ICD-9, ICD-10), Current Procedural Terminology (CPT), and National Drug Codes were used to identify CRC diagnosis, CDI, and matching or control parameters. Patients were matched for age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), region of residence, and CDI treatment. An additional, but separate, query was executed to include obese patients with and without CDI, who were similarly matched and assessed for CRC. Statistical analyses were implemented to assess significance and estimate odds ratios (ORs). Results CDI was associated with a decreased incidence of CRC (OR = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55 - 0.63), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 2.2 × 10 -16 ). CDI treatment, including appropriate antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), was controlled for in both infected and noninfected populations. Patients with a prior CDI who received relevant treatment were compared to patients with no history of CDI and received analogous treatment. Both populations subsequently developed CRC. Results remained statistically significant (P < 2.2 × 10 -16 ) with a relative risk (RR) of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.54 - 0.60). Obesity was explored as a controlled variable in relation to CRC development in patients with and without prior CDI. Obese patients without a history of CDI were found to have a decreased risk of developing CRC. Results were statistically significant (P < 4.3 × 10 -13 ) with an OR of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.63 - 0.77). Conclusions This study shows a statistically significant correlation between CDI and decreased incidence of CRC. Additionally, there is a statistically significant correlation between obese patients with CDI and an increased incidence of CRC. Further research is needed to explore the mechanism of this striking relationship and the implications of CDIs on the microbiome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Colorectal Cancer After Intestinal Infection Due to Clostridioides difficile

Patel,

Cardeiro,

Frankel

et al. 2024

World J Oncol

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“…However, a remarkable feature of an inflammatory microenvironment is that it has the core required elements to induce the changes for cancer development ( Alipoor et al., 2018 ; Komi and Redegeld, 2020 ; Liardo et al., 2021 ; Tian et al., 2022 ). In a chronic inflammatory site, the presence of several inflammatory cells and signaling molecules such as NF-KB, can increase the malignant progression of transformed cells due to their mutagenic predisposition.…”

Section: Potential Roles Of Evs In the Promotion Of Tuberculosis Towa...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During a chronic TB infection, EVs may play the main role in changing the game in favor of a tumor microenvironment. During chronic inflammation, the content of EVs undergoes various changes, which may close them to the tumorigenic EVs ( Liardo et al., 2021 ; Tian et al., 2022 ). These EVs shuttle a variety of different inflammatory molecules including noncoding RNAs or critical cancerous proteins in the inflammatory site that may change condition by different mechanisms including triggering tumorigenic pathways, epigenetic-related changes, macrophage polarization, TAM production, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, etc ( Alipoor et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Potential Roles Of Evs In the Promotion Of Tuberculosis Towa...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Alipoor,

Elieh-Ali-Komi

2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium well known for its ability to subvert host energy and metabolic pathways to maintain its intracellular survival. For this purpose, the bacteria utilize various mechanisms of which extracellular vehicles (EVs) related mechanisms attracted more attention. EVs are nanosized particles that are released by almost all cell types containing active biomolecules from the cell of origin and can target bioactive pathways in the recipient cells upon uptake. It is hypothesized that M.tb dictates the processes of host EV biogenesis pathways, selectively incorporating its molecules into the host EV to direct immune responses in its favor. During infection with Mtb, both mycobacteria and host cells release EVs. The composition of these EVs varies over time, influenced by the physiological and nutritional state of the host environment. Additionally, different EV populations contribute differently to the pathogenesis of disease at various stages of illness participating in a complex interplay between host cells and pathogens. These interactions ultimately influence immune responses and disease outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms and roles of EVs in pathogenicity and disease outcomes remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we explored the properties and function of EVs in the context of M.tb infection within the host microenvironment and discussed their capacity as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat tuberculosis.

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“…To illuminate this question, tumor cells can arise either from transformed differentiated cells or transformed resident stem cells ( 28 , 29 ). Transformation is likely to arise from environmental inputs such as tissue regeneration ( 30 ), infections ( 31 ), toxins ( 32 ), as well as intrinsic and non-intrinsic factors that lead to DNA mutations ( 33 ). As the transformation process progresses in differentiated cells, oncogenes are overexpressed while tumor suppresser genes are deactivated leading to the de-differentiation of cells, uncontrolled proliferation, and the acquisition of stem-like characteristics ( 26 ).…”

Section: Cancer Stem Cell Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia-induced cancer cell reprogramming: a review on how cancer stem cells arise

Geneviève¹,

Laird²,

Ku³

et al. 2023

Front. Oncol.

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Cancer stem cells are a subset of cells within the tumor that possess the ability to self-renew as well as differentiate into different cancer cell lineages. The exact mechanisms by which cancer stem cells arise is still not completely understood. However, current research suggests that cancer stem cells may originate from normal stem cells that have undergone genetic mutations or epigenetic changes. A more recent discovery is the dedifferentiation of cancer cells to stem-like cells. These stem-like cells have been found to express and even upregulate induced pluripotent stem cell markers known as Yamanaka factors. Here we discuss developments in how cancer stem cells arise and consider how environmental factors, such as hypoxia, plays a key role in promoting the progression of cancer stem cells and metastasis. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to these cells could have important implications for the development of new strategies in cancer treatments and therapies.

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Effects of infections on the pathogenesis of cancer

Cited by 13 publications

References 131 publications

Incidence of Colorectal Cancer After Intestinal Infection Due to Clostridioides difficile

Incidence of Colorectal Cancer After Intestinal Infection Due to Clostridioides difficile

Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Hypoxia-induced cancer cell reprogramming: a review on how cancer stem cells arise

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