Effects of industrial pollutants on ectomycorrhizal relationships in temperate forests

Abstract

A conspicuous decline of macromycetes, especially in ectomycorrhizal species, has been described in the last decade in various parts of temperate Europe. It has been argued that changes in population of these fungi can be attributed to direct or indirect effects of air pollution. In view of the fact that in central Europe these changes preceded a visual damaging of forest or even its decline, it seems that many ectomycorrhizal fungi are very suitable bioindicators of the disturbance of forest ectotrophic stability. Defined stages of this disturbance can be linked directly to particular phases of impoverishment of ectomycorrhizal mycocoenoses and of enrichment of lignicolous rnycocoenoses. These conclusions have been obtained from long-term research in permanent plots (1000-2500 m2) in spruce and recently also in oak and beech forests in the Czech Republic, but it seems that they are valid generally, at least in temperate forests. The analyses of proper mycorrhizae from the same plots confirmed data obtained from fruiting bodies. Both the percentage of ectomycorrhizal species and the ratio of active mycorrhizae are highly sensitive to some outer impact to forest ecosystems (air pollution, acidification, fertilization); their decrease is in negative correlation to the strong defoliation of trees and can be used for the prediction of next development in locality, at least in comparable stands, i.e., in the case of similar density of active mycorrhizae and analogous water stress.RCsumC : Au cours des dernikres dCcades, on a dCcrit, dans diffkrentes partie de l'Europe, tempCree, une diminution tvidente des espkces de champignons ectomycorhiziens. Des discussions sur les changements des populations de ces champignons suggkrent que ceci pourrait Ctre directement ou indirectement causC par la pollution atmosphkrique. Considerant qu'en Europe centrale ces changements ont prCcCdC les dommages visibles aux forCts ou mCme leur dCclin, il semble que plusieurs champignons ectomycorhiziens pourraient Ctre des indicateurs utiles de la perturbation de la stabilitC des forCts ectotrophes. Des Ctapes prCcises de cette perturbation peuvent Ctre reliCes directement 2 des Ctapes particulikres d'appauvrissement des mycocoenoses ectomycorhiziennes et de l'enrichissement des mycocoenoses lignicoles. Ces conclusions proviennent de recherches a long terme conduites dans des parcelles permanentes (1000-2500 m2) dans des forCts d'kpinette, et plus rCcemment de chCne et de hCtre dans la rCpublique TchCque, mais il semble qu'elles soient gknkralement valables, du moins pour les forCts tempCrCes. Les analyses conduites sur les mycorhizes propres B une mCme parcelle confirment les donnCes obtenues B partir des fructifications. Le pourcentage des espkces ectomycorhiziennes aussi bien que le rapport des mycorhizes actives sont fortement sensibles B certains impacts frappant les Ccosystkmes forestiers (pollution de l'air, acidification, fertilisation); leur diminution est en corrClation inverse avec les fortes dCfoliations des arbres et peut Ctre u...

Macrofungal diversity in community-managed sal (Shorea robusta) forests in central Nepal

“…Furthermore, silviculture-related disturbances in forests also reduce the proportion of mycorrhizal fungi and corresponding increase in saprotrophic species (Kropp and Albee 1996; Hartmann et al 2014). In CFs managed both for short and long duration, mycorrhizal fungi contributed <40% of the total macrofungi, which has been considered ‘acute’ in terms of forest deterioration by Fellner and Pešková (1995). This might have reflected the deteriorated condition of the CFs before conservation management was initiated by the local communities.…”

30 let spremljanja stanja gozdov v Sloveniji

“…Poleg tega pri celi vrsti ektomikoriznih gliv, kot na primer skupini, v preteklosti imenovani »Fungi imperfecti«, trosnjaki sploh niso poznani. Posledično so se v 90. letih prejšnjega stoletja pričele podrobnejše raziskave ECM potenciala gozdov, z vizijo uporabe rezultatov za potrebe bioindikacije (Fellner & Peškova, 1995;Kraigher, Batič, & Agerer, 1996;Al Sayegh Petkovšek, 1997Taylor, Martin, & Read, 2000;Al Sayegh Petkovšek & Kraigher, 2003;Erland & Taylor, 2002;Taylor & Alexander, 2005).…”

“…Uporabljene in testirane so bile različne skupine bioindikatorjev za namene slovenske miko-bioindikacije: Decreases in species diversity and in the abundance of sporocarps of macromycetes in Europe have been reported in the second half of the 20th century (Arnolds, 1988(Arnolds, , 1991Jaenike, 1991). As a result the method of mycobioindication of forest site pollution was suggested by Fellner (1989) and Fellner and Peškova (1995), based on the impoverishment of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mycobiocenosis. However, the occurrence of fruitbodies depends on a range of climatic factors in different years, while ECM types are supposed to be present in the soils at any time of the year.…”

“…Furthermore, a range of ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as the group commonly named Fungi Imperfecti, do not produce any sporocarps. As a result, more detailed studies of ECM potential of forest sites by ECM types determination were initiated in the 1990s, with a view to applying the results to bio indication (Fellner & Peškova, 1995;Kraigher, Batič, & Agerer, 1996;Al Sayegh Petkovšek, 1997Taylor, Martin, & Read, 2000;Al Sayegh Petkovšek & Kraigher, 2003;Erland & Taylor, 2002;Taylor & Alexander, 2005).…”

Impact of air pollution on the occurrence of Rhytisma acerinium "tar-spot" on mapie leaves

“…Since that time, a few authors have discussed fungi as potential bioindicators of air pollution (Fellner 1989;Marx and Shafer 1989). Fellner (1989), Fellner and Peková (1995) proposed the mycorrhizal fungus Russula mustelina as a potential bioindicator of air pollution and recommended it as a suitable myco-bioindicator in mountain and submountain spruce forests of central Europe. Schaffers and Termorshuizen (1989) obtained strong negative correlations between the number of mycorrhizal fungal species on field stands of Pinus sylvestris and the occurrence of fruit bodies with levels of NH 3 and SO 2 .…”