Effects of Indoor and Outdoor Exercise Environments on Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Old Women

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of indoor and outdoor exercise environments on bone mineral density and body composition in old women. A total of 26 old women were randomly divided into two groups: an indoor exercise group (IE, n=13) and an outdoor exercise group (OE, n=13). The exercise groups performed moderate exercise (HR max 50~70%; RPE 11-15) three times a week for 60 minutes over 20 weeks. After exercise training, bone mineral density was significantly improved in the OE group as compared with the IE group. Body fat mass was significantly decreased in the IE group. Weight, lean body mass, and body fat mass were significantly decreased in the OE group. Body mass index was significantly decreased in the outdoor exercise group as compared to the IE group. Our findings show that a 20-week program of outdoor exercise training improves bone mineral density and body composition in old women. As mentioned above, it has been found that engaging in an outdoor exercise program for 20 weeks has a positive effect on bone mineral density and body composition in old women. In conclusion, engaging in the outdoor exercise program, including aerobic and resistance exercises, for 20 weeks improved bone mineral density and inhibited bone loss in old women and had a positive influence on vitamin D levels, thereby potentially lowering the risk of osteoporosis.

Evaluation of the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior‐based multifaceted intervention on patient activation and osteoarthritis symptoms

“…This study also compared two different types of exercise and found that the changes in mean scores were greater for E2 than E1 in terms of joint pain and physical functioning, suggesting that outdoor walking exercise (E2) was more beneficial for osteoarthritis patients than indoor stretching exercises (E1). Consistent with the present study, a previous study reported that outdoor activity was more effective than an indoor exercise program among female senior citizens in terms of body mass index and bone mineral density (Kil & Yang, ). Each exercise method would have advantages and disadvantages according to the target population.…”

“…On the other hand, the exercise classes were different in E1 and E2 to compare the two types of exercise. A previous study reported that different types of exercise interventions produced significantly different results on the outcome variables (Kil & Yang, ). Accordingly, E1 was provided with muscle strengthening (knee) and stretching exercise, whereas E2 was offered muscle strengthening (knee) and walking exercise.…”

The effects of milk intake and whole-body vibration exercise on bone mineral density in elderly women in nursing homes

“…According to a study by Gil et al15 ) , outdoor exercise has more positive effects on the increase in bone density than indoor exercise, as exposure to the sun helps skin cells create vitamin D. The subjects of the present study were nursing home residents aged 70 or older, however, so they underwent whole-body vibration exercises indoors. The drop in the BMD in the experimental group, which performed whole-body vibration exercises, was significantly minor compared to the control group.…”