Effects of indoor and outdoor temperatures on blood pressure and central hemodynamics in a wintertime longitudinal study of Chinese adults

Abstract

Objectives:We aimed to estimate the effects of indoor and outdoor temperature on wintertime blood pressure (BP) among peri-urban Beijing adults.Methods:We enrolled 1279 adults (ages: 40–89 years) and conducted measurements in two winter campaigns in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. Study staff traveled to participant homes to administer a questionnaire and measure brachial and central BP. Indoor temperature was measured in the 5 min prior to BP measurement. Outdoor temperature was estimated from regional meteorological stations. We used multivariable mixed-effects regression models to estimate the within-individual and between-individual effects of indoor and outdoor temperatures on BP.Results:Indoor and outdoor temperatures ranged from 0.0 to 28 °C and −14.3 to 6.4 °C, respectively. In adjusted models, a 1 °C increase in indoor temperature was associated with decreased SBP [−0.4 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.7 to −0.1 (between-individual; brachial and central BP); −0.5 mmHg, 95% CI: −0.8 to −0.2 (within-individual, brachial BP); −0.4 mmHg, 95% CI: −0.7 to −0.2 (within-individual, central BP)], DBP [−0.2 mmHg, 95% CI:−0.4 to −0.03 (between-individual); −0.3 mmHg, 95% CI: −0.5 to −0.04 (within-individual)], and within-individual pulse pressure [−0.2 mmHg, 95% CI: −0.4 to −0.04 (central); −0.3 mmHg, 95% CI: −0.4 to −0.1 (brachial)]. Between-individual SBP estimates were larger among participants with hypertension. There was no evidence of an effect of outdoor temperature on BP.Conclusion:Our results support previous findings of inverse associations between indoor temperature and BP but contrast with prior evidence of an inverse relationship with outdoor temperature. Wintertime home heating may be a population-wide intervention strategy for high BP and cardiovascular disease in China.

Socioeconomic and Demographic Associations with Wintertime Air Pollution Exposures at Household, Community, and District Scales in Rural Beijing, China

“…Personal Air Pollution Exposure at the Village Level. The village-level GMs (95% CI) for exposure to PM 2.5 ranged from 23 (10,55) μg/m 3 in Fangshan to 387 (238, 627) μg/m 3 in Mentougou (Figures 1 and 2 and Table S4). The 24h-mean concentrations of outdoor PM 2.5 at each village during the personal exposure measurements varied from 3.5 to 159 μg/m 3 (Figure 2).…”

“…The outdoor daily temperatures (24 h) were calculated for the same time period as the personal exposure assessment in each village. The outdoor temperature data were downloaded from the NOAA Integrated Surface Data database 50 and adjusted for altitude using an environmental lapse rate of −6.5 °C per 1000 m. 55 All statistical analysis were performed using R version 3.5.2. All map plots were created by QGIS3.14.…”

“…Current smokers had higher PM 2.5 [GM (95% CI): 115 (96, 139) μg/ m 3 ] (p < 0.001) and BC [GM (95% CI): 3.4 (2.9, 4.0) μg/m 3 ] (p < 0.001) exposures than non-smokers. Exposures among non-smokers were higher for those living with current smokers [for PM 2.5 , GM (95% CI): 82 (69, 97) μg/m 3 (p < 0.001) and for BC, GM (95% CI): 2.9 (2.4, 3.4) μg/m 3 (p < 0.001)] compared to those who did not [for PM 2.5 , GM (95% CI): 48 (41,55) μg/m 3 and for BC, GM (95% CI): 1.8 (1.6, 2.1) μg/ m 3 ]. Smoking status was not strongly correlated with wealth index (Table S10), and air pollution exposures for participants in different smoking statuses were also almost evenly distributed by wealth index (Figure S13).…”

Associations between short-term exposure to ambient temperature and renal disease mortality in Japan during 1979–2019: A time-stratified case-crossover analysis

“… 34 Third, hypertension has been reported to be more common in winter periods. 35 , 36 For individuals with renal disease, the kidneys’ compromised function struggles to regulate blood pressure effectively. Cold weather induces vasoconstriction, narrowing blood vessels, and raising blood pressure levels, which can further strain the kidneys and accelerate disease progression, and can result in adverse mortality outcomes.…”

Prepayment meters strongly associated with economic and health deprivation: an observational, cross-sectional study

“…[23] Cold indoor temperatures were also linked to high blood pressure, a key risk factor linked to multiple detrimental health outcomes. [24] Fuel poverty has a profound impact on people with disabilities and serious illness, since the equipment that supports the daily life of the disabled and those will chronic and serious care needs often requires more energy than an average household. Individuals with chronic diseases are prone to feeling cold, placing them at an even higher health risk if they lack heat.…”