Effects of increasing crude protein concentrations on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing steers and heifers

Bailey, C. R.; Duff, G. C.; Sanders, S. R.; Treichel, J. L.; Baumgard, L. H.; Marchello, J. A.; Schafer, David W; McMurphy, C. P.

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.08.001

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The plasma BUN concentrations were less in males than in females, which is corroborated by other researchers ( Bailey et al, 2008 ; Walker et al, 2010 ). This may indicate greater nitrogen utilization from the diet to support muscle development and growth by males.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

In utero choline exposure alters growth, metabolism, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of Holstein × Angus cattle from weaning to slaughter

Brown

Holdorf

Johnson

et al. 2023

Journal of Animal Science

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Feeding rumen protected choline (RPC) to late gestation dairy cows has potential to affect growth in offspring. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of in utero choline exposure on the growth, feed efficiency (FE), metabolism, and carcass quality of Angus x Holstein cattle. Multiparous Holstein cows pregnant with male (n=17) or female (n=30) Angus-sired calves were enrolled 21 d prepartum and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments varying in quantity and formulation of rumen-protected choline (RPC). The treatments included a control with 0 g/d supplemental RPC (CTL), supplemental RPC fed at the recommended dose (RD) of 15 g/d from either an established RPC product (RPC1RD; ReaShure; Balchem Corp) or choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (RPC2RD; Balchem Corp), or a high dose (HD) of RPC2 fed at 22 g/d (RPC2HD). From 2 to 6 mo of age, calves were group housed and offered 2.3 kg grain/hd/d (42% CP) with ad libitum grass hay, and stepped up to a complete finishing diet by 7 mo (12.0% CP; 1.34 Mcal/kg NEg). Weight and height were measured monthly. Animal FE was measured in individual pens for 35 d at 8 mo. Feed intake was measured daily, and blood was obtained on d 18 during the FE period. Afterwards, cattle were group housed and offered a free-choice finishing diet until slaughter, where carcass yield and quality characteristics were measured. Mixed models were used in PROC MIXED (SAS, 9.4) with the fixed effects of treatment, sex, time, their interactions, and the random effect of calf. Month was the repeated measure, and preplanned contrasts were used. Blood and FE data were analyzed with the fixed effect of dam choline treatment, calf sex, and the interaction. Increasing dose of RPC tended to increase weight over the entire study period. Feeding any RPC increased hip and wither height compared with CTL, and increasing RPC dose linearly increased hip and wither height. Treatment and sex interacted on DMI whereby increasing RPC intake linearly increased DMI for males but not females. Compared with control, feeding any RPC decreased plasma insulin, glucose, and an insulin sensitivity index (RQUICKI). In utero choline exposure increased kidney-pelvic-heart fat and marbling score. Mechanisms of action for intrauterine choline exposure on offspring growth, metabolism, and carcass characteristics should be explored as they have direct implications for profitability for cattle growers and feeders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

In utero choline exposure alters growth, metabolism, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of Holstein × Angus cattle from weaning to slaughter

Brown

Holdorf

Johnson

et al. 2023

Journal of Animal Science

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“…During the 20- to 30-kg growth stage (10–18% CP), the eye muscle area was increased with increasing dietary CP levels. On the contrary, previous studies have shown that dietary CP levels had no effect on the eye muscle area in cattle (11–14% CP) or commercial pigs (15–17% CP) ( 43 , 44 ). The species or breed difference might be the possible reason for the inconsistent results, but it warranted further research to determine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Effects of Different Dietary Protein Levels on the Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Fecal Nitrogen, and Carcass Traits of Huanjiang Mini-Pigs

et al. 2021

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The Huanjiang mini-pig is a Chinese local breed and, the optimal dietary crude protein (CP) level for this breed is still unknown. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate its optimum dietary CP level upon the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, fecal nitrogen content, and carcass traits. Three independent trials with 360 pigs were included. A total of 220 pigs (5.32 ± 0.46 kg) were fed ad libitum, either a 14, 16, 18, 20, or 22% CP diet from about 5- to 10-kg (trial 1); 84 pigs (11.27 ± 1.43 kg) were fed either a 12, 14, 16, 18, or 20% CP diet from about 10- to 20-kg (trial 2); and 56 pigs (18.80 ± 2.21 kg) were fed either a 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18% CP diet from about 20- to 30-kg (trial 3). In trial 1, as dietary CP levels increased, the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) quadratically decreased (p < 0.05) and was minimal at the 18.42% CP level. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and final body weight (BW) were not affected by dietary CP levels while the fat percentage decreased (p < 0.05). Besides, a linear decrease in slaughter rate (p = 0.06) and a linear increase in bone percentage (p < 0.05), serum urea nitrogen (UN) (P < 0.05), and fecal nitrogen content (p = 0.07) of pigs were observed. In trial 2, as dietary CP levels increased, the average daily gain quadratically increased (p < 0.05) and was maximum at the 16.70% CP level. The slaughter rate linearly decreased (p < 0.05) whereas the skin rate, serum UN, and NH3-N increased (p < 0.05) linearly, as well as fecal nitrogen content (p = 0.06). In trial 3, as dietary CP levels increased, the F/G increased (p < 0.05), while the ADFI and ADG quadratically decreased (p < 0.05) and was maximum at nearly 14.00% CP level. The bone percentage and serum UN increased (p < 0.05) linearly but the slaughter rate decreased (P < 0.05) linearly, and the fecal nitrogen content quadratically decreased (p = 0.07) whereas the albumin increased (p < 0.05) quadratically. Taken together, the optimal dietary CP levels for growth performance of Huanjiang mini-pigs from 5- to 10-kg, 10- to 20-kg, and 20- to 30-kg were 18.42, 16.70, and 14.00%, respectively.

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“…Bailey et al . () researched the effects of three dietary crude protein (110, 125 or 140 g/kg dietary CP) concentrations on growth performance, and carcass characteristics in steers and heifers, showing that a 125 g/kg dietary CP concentration is optimal for either steers or heifers during the finishing period. These results indicated that early weaning in yaks is feasible, and the growth performance could be improved by supplementation of protein concentrate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different levels of protein supplementary diet on gene expressions related to intramuscular deposition in early‐weaned yaks

Zhang

Wang

Peng

et al. 2014

Animal Science Journal

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This study was conducted to estimate different levels of protein supplementary diet on gene expressions related to intramuscular deposition in early-weaned yaks. Results showed that supplementary dietary protein significantly increased final weight, average daily gain (ADG), intramuscular fat (IMF), serum free fatty acid (FFA), total triglycerides, total cholesterol (Ch), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) content. There was a quadratic response of ADG, IMF, FFA, Ch, HDL and LDL to dietary crude protein (CP) level. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzyme activities were significantly increased by supplementary dietary CP, while hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) activities were significantly decreased. LPL, ACC and FAS enzyme activities showed quadratic increase as dietary CP increased. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), LPL, FAS, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), ACC, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and heart fatty-acid binding protein (H-FABP) gene expression were significantly increased by supplementary dietary CP, while HSL and CPT-1 gene expression were significantly decreased. PPARγ, LPL, SREBP-1, ACC and H-FABP gene expression showed quadratic increase as dietary CP increased. These results indicated that supplementary dietary protein increased IMF accumulation mainly to increased intramuscular lipogenic gene expression and decreased lipolytic gene expression.

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Effects of increasing crude protein concentrations on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing steers and heifers

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

In utero choline exposure alters growth, metabolism, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of Holstein × Angus cattle from weaning to slaughter

In utero choline exposure alters growth, metabolism, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of Holstein × Angus cattle from weaning to slaughter

Effects of Different Dietary Protein Levels on the Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Fecal Nitrogen, and Carcass Traits of Huanjiang Mini-Pigs

Effects of different levels of protein supplementary diet on gene expressions related to intramuscular deposition in early‐weaned yaks

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