Effects of Immobilization on Joints

Akeson, Wayne H.; Amiel, David; Abel, Mark F.; Garfin, S. R.; Woo, Savio L.-Y.

doi:10.1097/00003086-198706000-00006

Cited by 367 publications

(178 citation statements)

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“…Constant immobilization produces OA-like degeneration. [27][28][29][30] Marked decreases in joint movement because of pain lead to worsening of knee OA. Physical activity increases blood flow to the articular tissue.…”

Section: Fig 2 Long-term Effect (5 Participants)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Validation of Pain Management Manipulative Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis With the Squeeze-Hold Technique: A Case Series

Nakajima

2017

Journal of Chiropractic Medicine

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Objective: The purpose of this case series was to describe the short-term and long-term clinical effects of a manual technique for treating osteoarthritis (OA) knee pain. Methods: This study measured of the immediate effect and long-term effect by using a case series of different groups of subjects. Knee OA and activity restriction in patients were evaluated by using the Kellgren-Lawrence (K/L) Grading Scale and the Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure (JKOM) index. In the intervention, lower limb muscles were squeezed by hand for 20 seconds. Each squeeze was performed for both lower limbs. Passive range-of-motion (ROM) exercise was performed on the knee joint. In one set of cases, immediate effects were measured after a one-time treatment with pretreatment and posttreatment outcome measures. Eleven people with knee OA participated in the study. On a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, muscle stiffness, and muscular hemodynamics for estimation of muscle blood flow were recorded before and after the squeeze-hold treatment. In another set of cases, the treatment was given to all patients once a week for 6 months, and long-term effects were measured. Data on 5 subjects with knee OA were collected for 6 months after initial treatment. The VAS for pain and JKOM were recorded every month for 6 months. Results: For immediate effects, the VAS was 69 ± 21 mm before treatment and 26 ± 22 mm after treatment. Muscle stiffness was 8.8 ± 3.6 (absolute number) before treatment and 3.5 ± 2.1 after treatment. Tissue (muscle) oxygen saturation was 60.1 ± 5.7% before treatment and 65.3 ± 4.8% after treatment. Total hemoglobin was 24.3 ± 3.3 (absolute number) before treatment and 25 ± 2.3 after treatment. A tendency for reduction in OA knee pain and muscle stiffness was observed, and a tendency for increase was observed in the blood flow in the muscle. For long-term effects in all 5 participants (any K/L grade, any JKOM score), OA knee pain and JKOM score improved gradually through 6 months. Conclusions: The participants in this case series showed improvement in pain and function. These findings indicate the feasibility of a larger study on the squeeze-hold intervention for OA knee pain. (J Chiropr Med 2017;16:122-130)

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Section: Fig 2 Long-term Effect (5 Participants)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Validation of Pain Management Manipulative Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis With the Squeeze-Hold Technique: A Case Series

Nakajima

2017

Journal of Chiropractic Medicine

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“…Pieces of normal tendon placed in explant culture produce collagenase and gelatinase activities, degrading the collagen matrix after two to three weeks in culture, and this process is stimulated by the addition of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 (Refs 122,123,124,125). MMPs are also implicated in the remodelling of tendon that follows immobilisation (Refs 126,127,128,129). MMP-1 is thought to be one of the key mediators of tendon fibrillar collagen degradation, at least in explant culture, and this activity can be inhibited by the application of cyclical strain, an effect though to be mediated via the tenocyte cytoskeleton ( Refs 130,131,132,133,134).…”

Section: Mmps In Tendonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic tendon pathology: molecular basis and therapeutic implications

Riley

2005

Expert Rev. Mol. Med.

103

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Tendons are frequently affected by chronic pain or rupture. Many causative factors have been implicated in the pathology, which until relatively recently was under-researched and poorly understood. There is now a greater knowledge of the molecular basis of tendon disease. Most tendon pathology (tendinopathy) is associated with degeneration, which is thought to be an active, cell-mediated process involving increased turnover and remodelling of the tendon extracellular matrix. Degradation of the tendon matrix is mediated by a variety of metalloproteinase enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases and 'aggrecanases'. Neuropeptides and other factors released by stimulated cells or nerve endings in or around the tendon might influence matrix turnover, and could provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.Tendons are dense, fibrous connective tissues that connect muscle to bone and are essential for the transmission of force and the generation of movement at a joint. They are highly ordered composite materials consisting of collagens, proteoglycans and various glycoproteins, many of which have been poorly characterised. Tendon problems such as tendon rupture and chronic tendon pain are common, although the underlying pathology is not well understood and the conditions are often difficult to treat (Ref.

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“…In vertebrate animals, there is substantial and long-established evidence that properly applied mechanical forces are necessary for the appropriate growth, maintenance, and remodeling of musculoskeletal system components. 2,[5][6][7][8][9][10] While there has been a significant research effort focused on mechanobiology of the extracellular matrix, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] there is no consensus on how even the simplest connective tissue structures are initially formed, grown, and maintained. 21,22 Nonetheless, it has been recognized that the mechanical state of a tissue is a potent regulator of (i) fibroblast differentiation state, (ii) migration direction/speed, and (iii) the local secretome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Performance of an Optically Accessible, Low-Volume, Mechanobioreactor for Long-Term Study of Living Constructs

Paten

Zareian

Saeidi

et al. 2011

Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods

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Currently available bioreactor systems used by tissue engineers permit either direct, high-magnification observation of cell behavior or application of mechanical loads to growing tissue constructs, but not both simultaneously. Further, in most loading bioreactors, the volume of the dead space is not minimized to reduce the cost associated with perfusion media, exogenous stimulatory/inhibitory agents, proteases, and label. We have designed, developed, and tested a bioreactor that simultaneously satisfies the combined requirements of providing (i) controlled tensile mechanical stimulation, (ii) direct high-magnification imaging capability, and (iii) low dead-space volume. This novel mechanostimulatory (uniaxial tensile loading) bioreactor operates on an inverted microscope and permits continuous optical access (up to 600 · ) to a loaded, growing construct for extended periods of time (weeks). The reactor employs an adjustable reaction chamber in which the dead space can be reduced to < 2 mL. The device has been used to cultivate our human primary corneal fibroblastderived, tissue-engineered system for up to 14 days. Using the instrument we have successfully recorded (i) the process of fibroblasts populating, growing to confluence, and stratifying on different substrates; (ii) recorded complex and organized cell sheet motions; and (iii) recorded the behavior of a subpopulation of what appear to be degradative/catabolic cells within our fibroblast culture. The device is capable of providing detailed, long-term, dynamic images of mechanically stimulated cell/matrix interaction that have not been observed previously.

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Effects of Immobilization on Joints

Cited by 367 publications

References 0 publications

Clinical Validation of Pain Management Manipulative Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis With the Squeeze-Hold Technique: A Case Series

Clinical Validation of Pain Management Manipulative Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis With the Squeeze-Hold Technique: A Case Series

Chronic tendon pathology: molecular basis and therapeutic implications

Design and Performance of an Optically Accessible, Low-Volume, Mechanobioreactor for Long-Term Study of Living Constructs

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