Effects of immersion water temperature on whole‐body fluid distribution in humans

Stocks, Jodie M.; Patterson, Mark J.; Hyde, Dale; Jenkins, A. B.; Mittleman, Karen D.; Taylor, Nigel A.S.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01302.x

Cited by 46 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 39 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Plasma oncotic pressure is decreased in HOWI resulting in hemodilution, whereas plasma osmolarity is unchanged. Amino acids and potassium are increased in the plasma suggesting that the majority of the fluid shifted is out of the intracellular compartment (83,201,358). In spite of this, interstitial fluid volume and lymph flow do not change in HOWI.…”

Section: Circulatory Responses and Fluid Shiftsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Since ANP reduces transcapillary fluid exchange (201,202), it is possible that ANP contributed to the reduction in PV in cold water. This study indicated that changes in PV were not associated with changes in total extracellular fluid volume at least in immersion (358). A further study by Stocks et al (358) established that acclimation to 14 days of cold water immersion does not qualitatively or quantitatively alter the fluid shifts during 1 h HOWIs.…”

Section: Renal Responses To Intrathoracic Volume Expansionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…However, cold water dramatically changes the pattern of body fluid shifts. Stocks et al (358) found that immersions limited to one hour in 33 • C versus 18 • C water both caused reductions of intracellular volume of similar magnitude in humans. PV increased in 33 • C water accompanied by hemodilution.…”

Section: Renal Responses To Intrathoracic Volume Expansionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…HOWI or diving in cold water temperatures below TN results in greater translocation of blood into the chest relative to the increase in TN immersion and reductions in intracellular fluid, although there is less autotransfusion and PV is not increased as much (358) such that there is a similar increase in CO in both cold and TN immersion (297). Although there is increased sympathetic activity, arterial blood pressure is not increased in HOWI in cold water as the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and muscle reduced blood flow and increased resistances are likely offset by increased blood flow in other areas and TPR remains unchanged (297).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This indicates that, compared to TN immersion, movement of fluid out of the intracellular compartment increases interstitial fluid volume during cold water immersion whereas PV decreases. Therefore, it is likely that microcirculatory dynamics during one hour periods of cold water immersion impair the entry of fluid from an elevated interstitial volume into the plasma compartment (358). Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is increased during cold water immersion.…”

Section: Renal Responses To Intrathoracic Volume Expansionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Human Physiology in an Aquatic Environment

Pendergast

Moon

Krasney

et al. 2015

Comprehensive Physiology

134

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Water covers over 70% of the earth, has varying depths and temperatures and contains much of the earth's resources. Head-out water immersion (HOWI) or submersion at various depths (diving) in water of thermoneutral (TN) temperature elicits profound cardiorespiratory, endocrine, and renal responses. The translocation of blood into the thorax and elevation of plasma volume by autotransfusion of fluid from cells to the vascular compartment lead to increased cardiac stroke volume and output and there is a hyperperfusion of some tissues. Pulmonary artery and capillary hydrostatic pressures increase causing a decline in vital capacity with the potential for pulmonary edema. Atrial stretch and increased arterial pressure cause reflex autonomic responses which result in endocrine changes that return plasma volume and arterial pressure to preimmersion levels. Plasma volume is regulated via a reflex diuresis and natriuresis. Hydrostatic pressure also leads to elastic loading of the chest, increasing work of breathing, energy cost, and thus blood flow to respiratory muscles. Decreases in water temperature in HOWI do not affect the cardiac output compared to TN; however, they influence heart rate and the distribution of muscle and fat blood flow. The reduced muscle blood flow results in a reduced maximal oxygen consumption. The properties of water determine the mechanical load and the physiological responses during exercise in water (e.g. swimming and water based activities). Increased hydrostatic pressure caused by submersion does not affect stroke volume; however, progressive bradycardia decreases cardiac output. During submersion, compressed gas must be breathed which introduces the potential for oxygen toxicity, narcosis due to nitrogen, and tissue and vascular gas bubbles during decompression and after may cause pain in joints and the nervous system.

show abstract

Section: Circulatory Responses and Fluid Shiftsmentioning

confidence: 87%