2019
DOI: 10.1111/add.14695
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Effects of immediate versus gradual nicotine reduction in cigarettes on biomarkers of biological effects

Abstract: Aim A previous study showed significantly greater reductions in number of cigarettes smoked and biomarkers of toxicant and carcinogen exposure in smokers assigned to immediate reduction of nicotine in cigarettes to very low levels versus gradually over time or continued smoking of normal nicotine content cigarettes. This study examines the effects of these approaches on selected biomarkers associated with harmful biological effects. Design Three‐arm, randomized controlled trial. Setting Ten United States acade… Show more

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Cited by 4 publications
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References 51 publications
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