Effects of Ice Cover on Annual Bluegrass and Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens

Abstract

of 120 d under ice cover without damage (Beard 1965). Total submersion in ice causes greater damage than Damage as a result of ice cover on putting greens affects golf partial submersion or ice cover only (Andrews and Pomcourses in cold climates. The objectives of this study were to assess cold-hardiness levels and injury of annual bluegrass [Poa annua f. eroy, 1975;Beard, 1964a). reptans (Hausskn.) T. Koyama] and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis Freyman and Brink (1967) in their study on ice cover stolonifera L. cv. Penncross) under ice cover maintained for various in alfalfa concluded that CO 2 accumulation was the periods of time under laboratory and field conditions. In the lab, prime factor in the death of herbaceous plants under cold-hardened plants of both species were subjected to either snowice sheets. In turfgrasses, Beard (1964a) suggested that covered, ice-covered, or ice-encased treatments and tested for coldcombinations of freezing and thawing in association with hardiness levels at various periods of time. Ice-encased annual bluegrass high plant tissue moisture levels might be of greater plants stored for 90 d were dead, while ice-covered and snow-covered significance than direct oxygen suffocation or toxic accuplants had cold-hardiness levels of Ϫ4؇C and Ϫ18؇C, respectively. In mulations. Rochette et al. (2000) attributed the cause contrast, at 150 days after treatment (DAT), creeping bentgrass that of ice injury on putting greens to the development of was ice encased had a cold-hardiness level of Ϫ18؇C, while snowcovered plants had a cold-hardiness level of Ϫ27؇C. In the field, bluegrass (biotype MN 42 provided by the University of Min-2004. *Corresponding author (jross@oldscollege.ca).nesota) and Penncross creeping bentgrass plants were allowed

Comparative assessment of metabolic responses to cold acclimation and deacclimation in annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass

“…Enhancement of freezing tolerance after acclimation at a non-lethal subzero temperature has been documented in many plant species (Castonguay et al, 1995;Herman et al, 2006;Livingston et al, 2007) including AB (Dionne et al, 2001a). Our results confirm previous observations that CB is more freezing tolerant than AB under field (Tompkins et al, 2000) and controlled (Tompkins et al, 2004;Hoffman et al, 2014) conditions following cold acclimation. They also corroborate the existence of large variations in cold tolerance between AB ecotypes as recently reported by Dionne et al (2010).…”

“…of AB has been documented and could be a significant source of recurrent winter injury in swards invaded by unsown AB (Dionne et al, 1999;Tompkins et al, 2000Tompkins et al, , 2004. Winter injury can result from a combination of factors including high crown hydration, extensive cell desiccation, infections by low temperature pathogens, anoxia, and insufficient tolerance to freezing temperatures.…”

“…In addition to its impact on cold acclimation potential, previous studies have also found that a high degree of variability in deacclimation response exists depending on the site of origin (Rowland et al, 2005;Kalberer et al, 2006). Although few studies have examined deacclimation responses of AB, there is some indication of potential sensitivity to mid-winter or early spring freezes compared to CB (Tompkins et al, 2000(Tompkins et al, , 2004Hoffman et al, 2014) Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to make a comparative assessment of freezing tolerance and carbon and nitrogen metabolism in one CB cultivar and two AB ecotypes during cold acclimation and deacclimation to gain further insight on the traits associated with their differential winter hardiness.…”

Tolerance to simulated ice encasement andMicrodochium nivalein USA selections of greens-typePoa annua

“…Hardening of annual meadowgrass requires more light (Hamilton, 2001) and perhaps lower temperature than hardening of creeping bentgrass, and the hardened condition is lost more easily during mild periods in winter (Thompkins et al, 2000). Beard (1964) reported that annual meadowgrass can survive up to 75 days and creeping bentgrass up to 120 days under ice cover; however, this depends on how the ice is formed and the degree of compaction (Beard, 1964;Hamilton, 2001;Thompkins et al, 2004). Danneberger (2005) estimated the critical encasement period for annual meadowgrass to be between 45 and 60 days.…”

“…Danneberger (2005) estimated the critical encasement period for annual meadowgrass to be between 45 and 60 days. While research in North America has focused on ice damage due to rehydration of crown tissues as the ice melts (Beard & Olien, 1963;Beard, 1964;Thompkins et al, 2000;Vargas & Turgeon, 2004) and higher lethal temperatures under ice cover Thompkins et al, 2004), Scandinavian researchers have been more concerned with the accumulation of CO 2 and other toxic compounds in situations with complete ice encasement (Gudleifsson & Larsen, 1992;Gudleifsson, 1993Gudleifsson, , 1994Tronsmo & Tronsmo, 2004;Brandsaeter et al, 2005). Andrews (1977) reported accumulation of ethanol in iceencased winter cereals, and Gudleifsson (1994) found increases in acetate and butyrate and a number of other organic acids in timothy (Phleum pratense L.), but there is little or no evidence of lethal concentrations of acids, alcohols, esters or other toxic compounds in situations with ice encasement of putting greens.…”