Effects of hypercapnic hyperpnea on recovery from isoflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia in horses

Effects of ketamine, propofol, or thiopental administration on intraocular pressure and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses

“…Values of the second evaluator were then transformed to the scale of the first evaluator by use of Passing-Bablok regression. 33 Finally, these VAS scores were then averaged and analyzed with a repeated-measures ANOVA. Differences were considered significant at a value of P < 0.05.…”

Inhaled Anesthetics in Horses

“…Its substantially lower blood solubility predicts faster elimination kinetics compared to isoflurane, although faster anesthetic recovery from sevoflurane may not always be realized in horses due to greater respiratory depression that delays drug washout. 5 …”

“…20 Thus, even as horses are able to sense and react to their environment, a substantial amount of anesthetic remains and can affect neurologic and motor function during recovery. 5 …”

“…Inhaled anesthetics have a large steady-state volume of distribution 5 and can modulate multiple cell targets to reduce cell excitability throughout the body. Glycine receptors 46 , NMDA receptors 47 , and potassium channels 48 likely contribute to immobility for the reason that these anesthetic-sensitive receptors are highly expressed within the spinal cord, the anatomical site responsible for immobility.…”

Hypercapnic hyperventilation shortens emergence time from Propofol and Isoflurane anesthesia

“…[3910] and Brosnan et al ., in a study on horses, concluded that hypercapnic hyperpnea decreases time to standing without influencing anesthetic recovery quality. [11]…”