Effects of hydrometeorological and other factors on SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number in three contiguous countries of Tropical Andean South America: a spatiotemporally disaggregated time series analysis

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused societal disruption globally and South America has been hit harder than other lower-income regions. This study modeled effects of 6 weather variables on district-level SARS-CoV-2 reproduction numbers (Rt) in three contiguous countries of Tropical Andean South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru), adjusting for environmental, policy, healthcare infrastructural and other factors. Methods: Daily time-series data on SARS-CoV-2 infections were sourced from health authorities of the three countries at the smallest available administrative level. Rt values were calculated and merged by date and unit ID with variables from a Unified COVID-19 dataset and other publicly available sources for May - December 2020. Generalized additive mixed effects models were fitted. Findings: Relative humidity and solar radiation were inversely associated with SARS-CoV-2 Rt. Days with radiation above 1,000 KJ/m2 saw a 1.3%, and those with humidity above 50%, a 1.0% reduction in Rt. Transmission was highest in densely populated districts, and lowest in districts with poor healthcare access and on days with least population mobility. Temperature, region, aggregate government policy response and population age structure had little impact. The fully adjusted model explained 3.9% of Rt variance. Interpretation: Dry atmospheric conditions of low humidity increase, and higher solar radiation decrease district-level SARS-CoV-2 reproduction numbers, effects that are comparable in magnitude to population factors like lockdown compliance. Weather monitoring could be incorporated into disease surveillance and early warning systems in conjunction with more established risk indicators and surveillance measures.

Investigating the Role of Environmental Factors on the Survival, Stability, and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and Their Contribution to COVID-19 Outbreak: A Review

“…Merow and Urban pointed out a temporary decline in SARS-CoV-2 infection in the summer, whereas, in the autumn, the COVID-19 cases rose and reached the maximum in the winter. A study conducted in Brazil showed the seasonality of COVID-19 transmission [27]. Studies on respiratory diseases have demonstrated that seasonal rotation influences the rise of respiratory virus outbreaks [26].…”

“…Merow and Urban pointed out a temporary decline in SARS-CoV-2 infection in the summer, whereas, in the autumn, the COVID-19 cases rose and reached the maximum in the winter. A study conducted in Brazil showed the seasonality of COVID-19 transmission [27].…”