Effects of human running cadence and experimental validation of the bouncing ball model

Bencsik, László; Zelei, Ambrus

doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2016.08.001

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…We assume straight leg (β = γ), horizontal foot (α = 0°) and vertical pre-impact velocity (  x A = 0 m / s ,  y A = −1 m / s ). The magnitude of the vertical pre-impact velocity is estimated based on the bouncing ball model of running [28]. The calculations confirm that shank angle β can have a small effect on the impact intensity at low strike index: the ratio of T c and T is 98 % at β = 0° and 92 % at β = 15°.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Running Form Analysis Based on Impact Dynamics: A Minimally Complex Mechanical Model

Bencsik

Zelei

2018

Period. Polytech. Mech. Eng.

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Biomechanical models of different complexity are used to understand the dynamics of human running. Low degrees-of-freedom models are appropriate for the prediction of the effect of certain parameter changes. We present a minimally complex biomechanical model which characterizes the effects of foot strike pattern and shank angle on the ground-foot impact intensity, which influences the risk of injuries and energy efficiency.A three segment leg model (thigh, shank and foot) is proposed combined with the mass of the rest of the body parts concentrated in the hip. The ground-foot impact intensity and the absorbed kinetic energy are analyzed using multibody dynamics tools. The impact intensity was discovered in the parameter space of the angle of the thigh, the angle of the shank, the foot strike pattern and the running speed.The results regarding the effect of strike pattern are in coincidence with the literature: forefoot strike implies lower impact intensity and energy absorption than rearfoot strike. However, in contrast of the previous result of a two segment foot model from the related literature, the calculations indicated that the shank angle highly affects the impact intensity: the impact intensity can be reduced by foot touchdown under the hip. We showed that foot and shank cannot be analyzed in itself without considering the thigh and the total body weight, and we also confirmed that the horizontal velocity cannot be neglected when foot impact is analyzed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Running Form Analysis Based on Impact Dynamics: A Minimally Complex Mechanical Model

Bencsik

Zelei

2018

Period. Polytech. Mech. Eng.

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“…We chose to include runners with a stride‐rate that we considered to be low or less than ideal, 85 strides per minute or less in our study. Although an exact number for ideal running stride‐rate has not been concretely established, a running stride‐rate of approximately 85‐100 strides per minute (or 170‐200 steps per minute) is currently considered optimal for maintaining running economy while reducing lower limb stress . Most running coaches and clinicians would consider a stride‐rate of 85 strides per minute to be low .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased stride‐rate in runners following an independent retraining program: A randomized controlled trial

Baumgartner

Gusmer

Hollman

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Purpose: Increasing stride-rate by 5%-10% has been used for injury prevention and rehabilitation but evidence is limited if an independent program can alter stride-rate in runners. The objective of this study was to determine whether the preferred striderate of recreational runners can be increased by 5%-10% following a 6-week independent training program. Methods: Thirty-eight runners running a minimum of 15 miles/wk with a preferred stride-rate ≤85 strides/min determined during treadmill testing were randomized into two groups: (a) Experimental group was instructed to increase stride-rate by 10% using a watch and foot pod for stride-rate feedback; and (b) Control group was instructed to continue normal running. Compliance was tracked with a training log.One stride being defined as two sequential steps. Preferred running stride-rate was retested at 6 weeks using the same testing protocol. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline preferred running striderates between the experimental or control groups. A significant (P < .001) increase in stride-rate from 79.9 ± 4.8 to 86.8 ± 5.7 strides/min (8.6% increase) was found in the experimental group. The control group did not significantly change their stride-rate (Baseline: 80.4 ± 4.2, 6 weeks: 81.3 ± 3.3 strides/min). Conclusion: A 6-week home training program using a watch and foot pod can increase the preferred running stride-rate by 5%-10% in runners with a stride-rate of 85 or less. Clinicians may be able to apply this type of gait retraining in recreational runners when designing injury prevention and rehabilitation programs. K E Y W O R D Sathletic injuries, gait, running

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“…Because SF is calculated as an inverse of step duration and the step duration consists of ST and FT, the decreases in ST and FT probably caused the increase in SF during the initial acceleration section. Moreover, because the vertical impulse decreased at the initial two steps and smaller vertical impulse is accompanied by higher SF [19], it seems that the increase in SF through the decreases in ST and FT resulted from the smaller vertical impulse. Accordingly, the intention to lean the body forward could lead to a higher SF and shorter ST and FT through a smaller vertical impulse during the initial acceleration phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the Intention to Lean the Body Forward on Kinematics and Kinetics of Sprinting for Active Adults

Nagahara

Amini

Marcon³

et al. 2019

Sports

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This study investigated the influence of the intention to lean the body forward on spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during the acceleration phase of a sprint. Fourteen active adults performed two 50 m sprints (with and without the intention to lean), during which spatiotemporal variables and impulses were obtained using a long force platform system. Effect size (Cohen’s d) was used to examine the differences between the two trials. We found that running speed and net anteroposterior impulse did not change by the intention for all steps. However, step frequency increased in the initial two steps through decreases in support time and flight time by the intention. Moreover, these shorter support and flight times were caused by a decrease in the vertical impulse. The propulsive impulse did not change during the initial part of acceleration phase, but the braking impulse decreased at the first step. This study demonstrates that an intention to lean the body forward leads to a smaller braking impulse and a higher step frequency through shorter support and flight times and a smaller vertical impulse during the initial part of the acceleration phase of a sprint.

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Effects of human running cadence and experimental validation of the bouncing ball model

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Running Form Analysis Based on Impact Dynamics: A Minimally Complex Mechanical Model

Running Form Analysis Based on Impact Dynamics: A Minimally Complex Mechanical Model

Increased stride‐rate in runners following an independent retraining program: A randomized controlled trial

Influence of the Intention to Lean the Body Forward on Kinematics and Kinetics of Sprinting for Active Adults

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