Effects of Household Consumption Patterns on CO<sub>2</sub>Requirements

Wier, Mette; Lenzen, Manfred; Munksgaard, Jesper; Smed, Sinne

doi:10.1080/09537320120070149

Cited by 168 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In the PET model, urbanization has effects on labor supply and consumption preferences and therefore on economic growth and income. Some other analyses of the effect of urbanization on energy use or emissions abstract from any income effects and aim to measure the effect only of differences in lifestyles or consumption patterns (24)(25)(26). Thus, differences in conclusions about the effect of urbanization can be caused in large part by differences in the definition of urbanization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions

O’Neill

Dalton

Fuchs

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

387

213

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Substantial changes in population size, age structure, and urbanization are expected in many parts of the world this century. Although such changes can affect energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, emissions scenario analyses have either left them out or treated them in a fragmentary or overly simplified manner. We carry out a comprehensive assessment of the implications of demographic change for global emissions of carbon dioxide. Using an energyeconomic growth model that accounts for a range of demographic dynamics, we show that slowing population growth could provide 16-29% of the emissions reductions suggested to be necessary by 2050 to avoid dangerous climate change. We also find that aging and urbanization can substantially influence emissions in particular world regions.climate change | energy | integrated assessment | population | households S tatistical analyses of historical data suggest that population growth has been one driver of emissions growth over the past several decades (1-3) and that urbanization (2), aging (3), and changes in household size (2) can also affect energy use and emissions. Demographers expect major changes in these dimensions of populations over the coming decades (4). Global population could grow by more than 3 billion by mid-century, with most of that difference accounted for by growing urban populations. Aging will occur in most regions, a result of declines in both fertility and mortality, and is expected to be particularly rapid in regions like China that have recently experienced sharp falls in fertility. The number of people per household is also declining as populations age and living arrangements shift away from multigeneration households toward nuclear families.Despite these expectations, explicit analysis of the effect of demographic change on future emissions has been extremely limited (5). Early exploratory analyses considered only population size or total numbers of households (6, 7) and used simple multiplicative models (8) that did not account for important relationships between population and economic and technological factors. Furthermore, these early models used little or no regional disaggregation, an important consideration given that, with some exceptions including the United States, population growth tends to be highest where per capita emissions are lowest.More recently, a large emissions scenario literature (9) has developed that informs a wide range of climate change analysis and related policy discussions. Model sophistication and scope has increased substantially over time. Scenarios typically span timescales of decades to centuries, include emissions of multiple gases and aerosols from a range of sectors, including land use, and consider a wide range of emissions drivers (10-12). They have been used to study possible emissions in the absence of mitigation policy as well as the costs and other consequences of emissions reduction strategies. Although nearly all scenarios include assumptions about future population growth, none has explicitly investig...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions

O’Neill

Dalton

Fuchs

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

387

213

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“…Also, to reduce the power of this assumption, other explanatory variables are added to one household demand model to reduce the burden of income determinism. These are number of persons in the household, degree of urbanity, state, age of reference person, and dwelling type, which have all previously been observed to be significant factors in determining household consumption patterns (Wier et al, 2001;Lenzen et al, 2004;Vringer et al, 2007).…”

Section: Environmental Concern and Other Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Remarkable Environmental Rebound Effect of Electric Cars: A Microeconomic Approach

Vivanco

Freire‐González

Kemp

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers.This work extends the rebound effect literature in three important ways, (1) it incorporates the potential for variation of rebound effects with household income level, (2) it enables the isolation of direct and indirect effects for cases of energy efficient technology adoption, and examines the relationship between these two component effects, and (3) it expands the scope of rebound effect analysis to include government taxes and subsidies. MACROBUTTON HTMLDirectUsing a case study approach it is found that the rebound effect from household consumption pattern changes targeted at electricity is between 5 and 10%. For consumption pattern changes with reduced vehicle fuel use, the rebound effect is in the order of 20 to 30%. Higher income households in general are found to have a lower total rebound effect; however the indirect effect becomes relatively more significant at higher household income levels. In the win-lose case of domestic photovoltaic electricity generation, it is demonstrated that negative rebound effects can occur, which can potentially amplify the environmental benefits of this action.The rebound effect from a carbon tax, which occurs due to the re-spending of raised revenues, was found to be in the range of 11-32%. Taxes and transfers between households of different income levels also have environmental implications. For example, a more progressive tax structure, with increased low income welfare payments is likely to increase greenhouse gas emissions. Subsidies aimed at encouraging environmentally friendly consumption habits are also subject to rebound effects, as they constitute a substitution of government expenditure for household expenditure. For policy makers, these findings point to the need to incorporate rebound effects in the environmental policy evaluation process.' KeywordsRebound effect, demand side management, direct rebound effect, indirect rebound effect, greenhouse gas emissions, CO 2 , household consumption patterns, efficiency, energy, conservation, natural resources. The energy and emissions produced at other stages of the production chain outside of the household scope. vi List of Tables and +/-is efficiency net effect minus the conservation net effect with negative values in parentheses). 66 Table 5.5: Rebound effects at mean and median total expenditure levels for separated fuel efficiency case (indirect reduction is the efficiency indirect rebound minus the conservation indir...

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“…We employ the EASI demand 2 Utilising between-country heterogeneity, studies find affluence, measured as income or final demand, to be the principle driver of material footprints (Wiedmann et al, 2015;Pothen, 2017;Pothen and Welsch, 2017) 3 The energy footprint of households, also known as energy requirements, has been estimated since the 1970s (Herendeen and Tanaka, 1976;Herendeen, 1978). Other studies on energy and carbon footprints of households include Wier et al (2001) for Denmark, Weber and Matthews (2008) for the USA, Druckman and Jackson (2009) and Baiocchi et al (2010) for the UK, Girod and De Haan (2010) for Switzerland, Steen-Olsen et al (2016) for Norway, and Lenzen et al (2006) for Australia, Brazil, Denmark, India as well as Japan. Hertwich (2005) provides an overview.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Distribution of Material Footprints in Germany

Pothen

Reaños

2018

SSRN Journal

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Die Dis cus si on Pape rs die nen einer mög lichst schnel len Ver brei tung von neue ren For schungs arbei ten des ZEW. Die Bei trä ge lie gen in allei ni ger Ver ant wor tung der Auto ren und stel len nicht not wen di ger wei se die Mei nung des ZEW dar.Dis cus si on Papers are inten ded to make results of ZEW research prompt ly avai la ble to other eco no mists in order to encou ra ge dis cus si on and sug gesti ons for revi si ons. The aut hors are sole ly respon si ble for the con tents which do not neces sa ri ly repre sent the opi ni on of the ZEW. The Distribution of Material Footprints in Germany

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Effects of Household Consumption Patterns on CO₂Requirements

Cited by 168 publications

References 20 publications

Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions

Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions

The Remarkable Environmental Rebound Effect of Electric Cars: A Microeconomic Approach

The Distribution of Material Footprints in Germany

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Effects of Household Consumption Patterns on CO2Requirements

Cited by 168 publications

References 20 publications

Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions

Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions

The Remarkable Environmental Rebound Effect of Electric Cars: A Microeconomic Approach

The Distribution of Material Footprints in Germany

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Effects of Household Consumption Patterns on CO₂Requirements