Effects of Hip Abduction Fatigue on Trunk and Shoulder Kinematics During Throwing and Passive Hip Rotational Range of Motion

Oliver, Gretchen D.; Washington, Jessica; Gascon, Sarah S.; Plummer, Hillary A.; Escamilla, Rafael F.; Andrews, James R.

doi:10.1123/jsr.2017-0182

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Our single performance variable, exit velocity, was seldom a significant predictor of any knee kinetics. Due to the kinetic chain [44], we expected to find greater kinetics at the knee as exit velocity increased, under the assumption that increased force of the back leg would transmit into ball velocity. Also, to our surprise, height was a negative predictor of knee kinetics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knee Kinetics in Baseball Hitting and Return to Play after ACL Reconstruction

et al. 2020

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The purpose of this study was to describe the knee kinetics of baseball hitting, develop a tool to predict knee kinetics from easily obtainable measures, and to compare knee kinetics to other exercises along the rehabilitation continuum to determine a timeline for when hitting may resume after ACL reconstruction. Nineteen high school baseball athletes (16.3±0.8 yrs, 180.6±5.7 cm, 78.4±10.8 kg) participated. Participants took ten swings off a tee. Kinetic data were recorded using an electromagnetic tracking system. Data from swings with the top three exit velocities were averaged for analysis. Linear regressions were used to determine if predictors of height, mass, age and exit velocity could predict the following torques: bilateral knee net, extension, internal and external rotation, valgus and varus torque; and anterior force. Backwards regression models revealed independent variables could significantly predict front knee net, internal and external rotation, extension, and varus torque, and anterior force; and back knee net and valgus torque. Based on the kinetics of baseball hitting compared to those of rehabilitation exercises, if the involved knee is the front, we suggest tee hitting may be initiated at 13 weeks after ACL reconstruction. If the involved knee is the back, we suggest tee hitting may initiated at 17 weeks after ACL reconstruction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knee Kinetics in Baseball Hitting and Return to Play after ACL Reconstruction

et al. 2020

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“…However, many factors can result in 'breaks' in the kinetic chain that disrupt efficient energy flow such as pain, insufficient muscular strength, or inadequate joint range of motion (ROM). [1][2][3][4] Among these factors, muscular strength and joint ROM are of particular interest to sports medicine professionals since they can be easily measured in a clinical setting.…”

Section: O N L I N E F I R S T Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adequate strength and mobility of the hip joint allows softball pitchers to achieve the most advantageous hip and pelvic position for postural control at foot contact. 5,6 Not only is this necessary for softball pitch execution and achieving high pitch speed, but research has also found that improper body positioning can increase injury susceptibility. 1,3 Research has linked decreases in passive hip ROM and strength with increased risk of injury in softball pitchers.…”

Section: O N L I N E F I R S T Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3]7 Although the specific mechanism responsible for this association with injury remains unclear, many have hypothesized reduced hip ROM and strength may lead to sub-optimal mechanics and may disrupt energy flow though the kinetic chain. 6,8,9 As a result, it is hypothesized that a greater demand is placed on the distal segments of the pitching arm to compensate for the reduced energy inflow from proximal segments. This has been most notable within novice youth pitchers who O n l i n e F i r s t struggle to efficiently utilize the full kinetic chain.…”

Section: O N L I N E F I R S T Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Hip Range of Motion and Isometric Strength on Energy Flow during Windmill Softball Pitching

Oliver

Wasserberger

Swart

et al. 2021

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:Inadequate hip range of motion (ROM) and isometric strength (ISO) may interfere with energy flow through the kinetic chain and result in increased injury susceptibility. Objective:To examine the relationship of hip ROM and ISO with energy flow through the trunk and pitching arm segments during the windmill softball pitch in youth athletes. A subsequent purpose was to examine the relationship between energy flow and pitch speed. Design:Descriptive laboratory study. Setting:University research laboratory. Participants:A sample of 29 youth softball pitchers (11.2±1.3 yrs.; 155.0±10.4 cm; 53.2±12.6 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s):Bilateral hip internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) ROM and ISO were measured. Net energy outflow and peak rates of energy outflow from the distal ends of the trunk, humerus, and forearm were calculated for the acceleration phase of the windmill softball pitch, and pitch speed was measured. Results:Regression analysis revealed a significant effect of drive hip ER ISO on the net energy flow out of the distal ends of the trunk (p=0.045) and humerus (p=0.002). Specifically, increased drive hip ER ISO was associated with increased net energy outflow from the trunk to the humerus and from the humerus to the forearm. No significant effects of hip ROM or other hip ISO measures were observed. Additionally, pitchers who achieved higher peak rates of distal outflow tended to also achieve higher pitch speeds. Conclusions:There is an association between drive hip ER ISO and the net energy flow out of the distal ends of the trunk and humerus during the acceleration phase of the windmill softball pitch, emphasizing the importance of hip and lower body strength in the execution of the whole-body windmill pitch. Overall, energy flow analysis is an interesting new way to analyze pitching mechanics and will aid in further understanding of performance and injury risk in windmill softball pitching.

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“… 6 , 18 , 19 , 44 , 45 Stability of the LPHC during dynamic upper-extremity movements is commonly associated with gluteal muscle activation resulting in pelvic stability. 5 , 20 , 21 , 25 , 30 , 35 , 37 – 39 It has been theorized that the LPHC provides the proximal stability for distal mobility, highlighting the role of the LPHC in providing a stable platform against which distal muscles can pull and accelerate. 18 Therefore, we define LPHC control as the ability to stabilize the LPHC in an effort to mobilize segments distal to the trunk.…”

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Single-Leg Squat Compensations Are Associated With Softball Pitching Pathomechanics in Adolescent Softball Pitchers

Friesen

Shaw

Shannon

et al. 2021

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: A lack of lumbopelvic-hip complex (LPHC) stability is often associated with altered pitching mechanics, thus increasing pain and injury susceptibility. The single-leg squat (SLS) is a simple diagnostic tool used to examine LPHC stability. Purpose: To examine the relationship between trunk compensatory kinematics during the SLS and kinematics at foot contact during the windmill pitch. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Participants included 55 youth and high school softball pitchers (mean age, 12.6 ± 2.2 years; height, 160.0 ± 11.0 cm; weight, 60.8 ± 15.5 kg). Kinematic data were collected at 100 Hz using an electromagnetic tracking device. Participants were asked to complete an SLS on each leg, then throw 3 fastballs at maximal effort. Values of trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk rotation at peak depth of the SLS were used as the dependent variables in 3 separate backward-elimination regression analyses. Independent variables examined at foot contact of the pitch were as follows: trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, trunk rotation, center of mass, stride length, and stride knee valgus. Results: The SLS trunk rotation regression ( F(1,56) = 4.980, P = .030) revealed that trunk flexion predicted SLS trunk rotation (SE = 0.068, t = 2.232, P = .030) and explained approximately 7% of the variance in SLS trunk rotation ( R 2 = 0.083, adjusted R 2 = 0.066). The SLS trunk flexion regression ( F(1,56) = 5.755, P = 0.020) revealed that stride knee valgus significantly predicted SLS trunk flexion (SE = 0.256, t = 2.399, P = .020) and explained approximately 8% of variance in SLS trunk flexion ( R 2 = 0.095, adjusted R 2 = 0.078). Conclusion: Additional trunk rotation and trunk flexion at peak depth of the SLS showed increased knee valgus and trunk flexion at foot contact of the pitch, both of which indicate poor LPHC stability during the softball pitch and may increase the potential for injury. Clinical Relevance: Players and coaches should implement SLS analyses to determine their players’ risk for injury and compensation due to poor core stability.

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Effects of Hip Abduction Fatigue on Trunk and Shoulder Kinematics During Throwing and Passive Hip Rotational Range of Motion

Cited by 7 publications

References 36 publications

Knee Kinetics in Baseball Hitting and Return to Play after ACL Reconstruction

Knee Kinetics in Baseball Hitting and Return to Play after ACL Reconstruction

Effects of Hip Range of Motion and Isometric Strength on Energy Flow during Windmill Softball Pitching

Single-Leg Squat Compensations Are Associated With Softball Pitching Pathomechanics in Adolescent Softball Pitchers

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