Effects of Highway Landscapes on Drivers’ Eye Movement Behavior and Emergency Reaction Time: A Driving Simulator Study

Abstract

This study aims at investigating the effects of highway landscapes and alignments on drivers’ eye movement behavior and emergency reaction time, based on a driving simulator experiment. In this study, four simulation scenarios are evaluated including open space, semiopen space, semiclosed space, and enclosed space landscapes on highways in Yunnan Province, China. Twenty-four experienced drivers participated in a 6-kilometer driving experiment in each landscape scenario. Each subject was required to drive at 80 km/h in the scenarios and the driving behavior data were collected. Three different data analysis methods were employed: (1) descriptive analysis of the characteristics of drivers’ visual fixation area; (2) statistical tests of emergency reaction time with drivers’ demographic characteristics, highway landscapes, and alignments; and (3) multiple linear regression analysis of emergency reaction time, highway landscapes, and alignments. The results show that emergency reaction time is significantly influenced by highway landscapes and alignments, and the multiple linear regression model built in this experiment could accurately predict drivers’ emergency reaction time in different highway landscapes and alignments.

Augmentation of the Urban Green Infrastructure Using Stormwater Surface Runoff as a Resource in the Nice Expressway, Karnataka, India

“…People driving regularly to office and those of the large goods vehicles require a pleasant, long drive away from the urban traffic and crowd. While driving can be considered a stressful activity, the lack of a scenic landscape with no prominent landmarks or changes in the scenery, only aggravates the driver on an expressway (Guo et al, 2019). As in Figure 7, broken kerbs serving as a median separator between the incoming and outgoing road lanes with no prominent signage at access points only confuses the new user entering this expressway.…”

The influence of landscape intervention used as an alertness maintaining ‘tool’ on driving behaviour

“…The spatial pattern is a three-dimensional concept :stereoscopic dimension is perpendicular to the road surface; vertical dimension is parallel to the direction of the road (Figure 1); horizontal dimension is perpendicular to the direction of the road (Figure 1). In the stereoscopic dimension, Zheng et al found that the emergency time and average speed decreased with the increase of enclosure [17,18]. Moreover, a survey of traffic calming activities in Minnesota shows that once vegetation is removed, the sense…”

“…In the stereoscopic dimension, Zheng et al . found that the emergency time and average speed decreased with the increase of enclosure [17,18]. Moreover, a survey of traffic calming activities in Minnesota shows that once vegetation is removed, the sense of closure will disappear, and drivers will respond by increasing driving speed [19]; In the vertical dimension (Figure 1), Zhao et al .…”

“…Zheng et al . find speed decreases with the increase of the enclosure degree [17,18]. The enclosure degree is divided into semi‐open and fully open in this study.…”

Real‐Time Precise Human‐Computer Interaction System Based on Gaze Estimation and Tracking

“…This is how the eye tracking technique was born. Eye tracking can obtain the focus of sight in real time and be applied to analyze the user's eye movement in reading [3] or in a critical state [4], so as to infer the user's content of interest in reality [5,6]. Furthermore, it can also be used for the prediction and treatment of patients with brain neurological diseases [7,8].…”