Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-1-Associated Oral Complications

Parveen, Zahida; Acheampong, Edward; Pomerantz, Roger J.; Jacobson, Jeffrey M.; Wigdahl, Brian; Mukhtār, Muḥammad

doi:10.2174/157016207780636533

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…The rapid establishment and course of necrotizing forms of periodontal disease in patients with HIV/AIDS infection, contrary to the gradually progressing periodontal disease in adults in the general population has been outlined in many studies and had not been reported before AIDS epidemic (Murray et al , 1989; Barr et al , 1992; Yeung et al , 1993a; Murray, 1994). HAART appears to have profoundly influenced the prevalence, severity and course of periodontal lesions as will be further discussed in the next section of the present review (Parveen et al , 2007).…”

Section: Features Of Periodontal Lesions In Hiv‐infected Patientsmentioning

confidence: 86%

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HIV infection and periodontal diseases: an overview of the post‐HAART era

2010

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Oral Diseases (2010) 17, 13–25 HIV infection remains a global health problem of unprecedented dimensions, although the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly modified the course of HIV disease into a manageable chronic disease with longer survival and improved quality of life in HIV‐infected subjects. Among the HIV‐associated infections, oral lesions have been recognized as prominent features since the beginning of the epidemic and continue to be important. Periodontal diseases strongly associated with HIV infection are classified as linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis and are included among the cardinal oral lesions. Although oral candidiasis appears to be the infection more significantly decreased after the introduction of HAART, the current literature suggests that the prevalence and course of periodontal lesions have also been modified. Higher prevalence of opportunistic microorganisms has been frequently detected in the subgingival flora of HIV‐infected individuals, probably due to the immune status of those patients, as colonization and overgrowth of atypical pathogenic species is facilitated by immunosuppression. Additional research is required regarding biological issues such as the role of oral immune factors and periodontal disease in the persistency of HIV infection, the possibility of oral transmission and the re‐emerging of HIV infection.

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Section: Features Of Periodontal Lesions In Hiv‐infected Patientsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…On the contrary, HAART does not appear to significantly affect the prevalence of periodontal disease in children (Flanagan et al , 2000; Khongkunthian et al , 2001; Parveen et al , 2007).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Periodontal Diseases In Hiv‐infected Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV infection and periodontal diseases: an overview of the post‐HAART era

2010

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“…Due to advances in therapeutic efficacy and clinical care in developed countries, susceptibility of HIV patients to opportunistic oral infections has been dramatically reduced [37,38]. However, worldwide, where the vast majority of HIV infected individuals do not have access to basic clinical care or therapy, oral complications remain a serious problem [39,40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of an increased pathogenic footprint in the lingual microbiome of untreated HIV infected patients

Dang

Cotton²,

Sankaran-Walters

et al. 2012

BMC Microbiol

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BackgroundOpportunistic oral infections can be found in over 80% of HIV + patients, often causing debilitating lesions that also contribute to deterioration in nutritional health. Although appreciation for the role that the microbiota is likely to play in the initiation and/or enhancement of oral infections has grown considerably in recent years, little is known about the impact of HIV infection on host-microbe interactions within the oral cavity. In the current study, we characterize modulations in the bacterial composition of the lingual microbiome in patients with treated and untreated HIV infection. Bacterial species profiles were elucidated by microarray assay and compared between untreated HIV infected patients, HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, and healthy HIV negative controls. The relationship between clinical parameters (viral burden and CD4+ T cell depletion) and the loss or gain of bacterial species was evaluated in each HIV patient group.ResultsIn untreated HIV infection, elevated viremia was associated with significantly higher proportions of potentially pathogenic Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera, and Campylobacter species in the lingual microbiome than observed in healthy controls. The upsurge in the prevalence of potential pathogens was juxtaposed by diminished representation of commensal Streptococcus and Veillonella species. Colonization of Neisseria flavescens was lower in the lingual microbiome of HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy than in uninfected controls.ConclusionsOur findings provide novel insights into the potential impact of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on the community structure of the oral microbiome, and implicate potential mechanisms that may increase the capacity of non-commensal species to gain a stronger foothold.

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“…It is estimated that approximately 50% of PLWH will present oral lesions at some point of the disease evolution, and this number goes up to 80% for the patients in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage ( Lomelí-Martínez et al., 2022 ). Several oral lesions in PLWH are related to bacterial, fungal or viral co-infections (for reviews see de Jesús-Campos et al., 1992 ; Ryder, 2000 ; Parveen et al., 2007 ; Lomelí-Martínez et al., 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human immunodeficiency virus and oral microbiota: mutual influence on the establishment of a viral gingival reservoir in individuals under antiretroviral therapy

Ramos Peña,

Pillet,

Grupioni Lourenço

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The role of the oral microbiota in the overall health and in systemic diseases has gained more importance in the recent years, mainly due to the systemic effects that are mediated by the chronic inflammation caused by oral diseases, such as periodontitis, through the microbial communities of the mouth. The chronic infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts at the tissue level (e.g. gut, genital tract, brain) to create reservoirs; the modulation of the gut microbiota by HIV infection is a good example of these interactions. The purpose of the present review is to assess the state of knowledge on the oral microbiota (microbiome, mycobiome and virome) of HIV-infected patients in comparison to that of HIV-negative individuals and to discuss the reciprocal influence of HIV infection and oral microbiota in patients with periodontitis on the potential establishment of a viral gingival reservoir. The influence of different clinical and biological parameters are reviewed including age, immune and viral status, potent antiretroviral therapies, smoking, infection of the airway and viral coinfections, all factors that can modulate the oral microbiota during HIV infection. The analysis of the literature proposed in this review indicates that the comparisons of the available studies are difficult due to their great heterogeneity. However, some important findings emerge: (i) the oral microbiota is less influenced than that of the gut during HIV infection, although some recurrent changes in the microbiome are identified in many studies; (ii) severe immunosuppression is correlated with altered microbiota and potent antiretroviral therapies correct partially these modifications; (iii) periodontitis constitutes a major factor of dysbiosis, which is exacerbated in HIV-infected patients; its pathogenesis can be described as a reciprocal reinforcement of the two conditions, where the local dysbiosis present in the periodontal pocket leads to inflammation, bacterial translocation and destruction of the supporting tissues, which in turn enhances an inflammatory environment that perpetuates the periodontitis cycle. With the objective of curing viral reservoirs of HIV-infected patients in the future years, it appears important to develop further researches aimed at defining whether the inflamed gingiva can serve of viral reservoir in HIV-infected patients with periodontitis.

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Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-1-Associated Oral Complications

Cited by 5 publications

References 126 publications

HIV infection and periodontal diseases: an overview of the post‐HAART era

HIV infection and periodontal diseases: an overview of the post‐HAART era

Evidence of an increased pathogenic footprint in the lingual microbiome of untreated HIV infected patients

Human immunodeficiency virus and oral microbiota: mutual influence on the establishment of a viral gingival reservoir in individuals under antiretroviral therapy

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