Effects of High School Soccer Players’ Exercise Stress on Exercise Satisfaction and Exercise Adherence

Differences in Exercise Stress, Job Satisfaction, Intention to Quit Exercise, and Quality of Life According to the Psychological Abuse Experiences of Elite Male Athletes

“…The disparities between abilities and perceived demands can increase stress levels. Additionally, stress responses vary depending on the type of exercise or sport [15,16], and athletes experience greater stress in individual sports than in team sports because they are directly responsible for achieving their goals [15,16]. Regardless of the sport or cause of stress, it can damage athletic performance, lead to deviant behaviors, eating and sleeping disorders, and injuries, and reduce an individual's athletic performance, job satisfaction, and quality of life (QOL) [17].…”

“…Fifth, experience of psychological abuse was a major factor in subdividing survey participants, but responses that relied on the survey respondents' past subjective memories were bound to be the baseline. The self-reporting tools for psychological abuse, Violence to Athlete Question (VTAQ) and Interpersonal Violence Gaines in Sport (IVIS), were used for psychological abuse studies [53][54][55], but both were developed for younger athletes (ages [14][15][16][17]. Therefore, more objective criteria for psychological abuse in adult athletes need to be developed.…”