Effects of High Nitrogen Deposition on Forests: Case Studies Close to Fur Animal Farms

Ferm, Ari; Hytönen, Jyrki; Lähdesmäki, P.; Pietiläinen, Pekka; Pätilä, Antti

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75450-0_31

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…High N input, both ammonium and nitrate, has led to decreased B (Aronsson 1983;Ferm et al 1990;Mälkönen et al 1990) or calcium concentration in needles (Schaberg et al 1997), which may increase susceptibility to winter injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Increasing the needle concentration of N can delay bud development during the growing season (Bigras et al 1996), and thereby excess N may expose buds to autumn frost damage. Another explanation for the decline in winter hardiness at high N concentrations has been proposed to be nutritional imbalance (Ferm et al 1990;Jalkanen 1990;McNulty et al 1996;Jönsson et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Does ice crystal formation in buds explain growth disturbances in boron-deficient Norway spruce?

Räisänen

Repo

Rikala³

et al. 2006

Trees

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Loss of apical dominance in boron-deficient trees has been suggested to be due to frost damage of terminal buds and leaders. Excessive nitrogen (N) supply can exacerbate boron (B) deficiency by the dilution-effect. N may also have direct effects on winter hardiness. We studied frost hardening of buds of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) in healthy-looking trees and in trees with growth disturbances. The effect of B and N on frost hardiness was studied in a factorial fertilisation experiment during cold acclimation. Frost hardiness was determined by differential temperature analysis (DTA) and scoring of visual damage. In a DTA profile of apical buds with a piece of stem, lowtemperature exotherm (LTE) predicted bud injury, while two of the observed high-temperature exotherms and two of the observed intermediate-temperature exotherms were non injurious. Appearance of LTE followed changes in air temperature. The risk of frost damage was not affected by fertilisation treatments or previously observed growth disturbances. However, when the bud structure was deformed by severe B deficiency, the supercooling ability disappeared. Such buds are probably killed by freezing in nature and therefore, frost damage may play a secondary role in the development of growth disturbances.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Does ice crystal formation in buds explain growth disturbances in boron-deficient Norway spruce?

Räisänen

Repo

Rikala³

et al. 2006

Trees

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“…The scarcity of nitrogen limits tree growth, particularly during cold growing seasons (Westman 1979, Hytönen and Silfverberg 1991, Sundström et al 2000. Excessive amounts of N -especially when the availability of K or B is low -can cause physiological problems such as growth disturbances and decreased cold resistance (Aronsson 1980, Ferm et al 1990). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foliar nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations of Scots pine in drained mires in Finland

Moilanen¹,

Saarinen²,

Silfverberg³

2010

Silva Fenn.

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An imbalanced nutrient status in Scots pine stands on drained mires is primarily a consequence of excess nitrogen (N) in relation to mineral nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). In this study, the variation of foliar N, P, and K concentrations relative to some site and environmental characteristics was examined. Foliar nutrient concentrations were determined on needle samples collected from mires representing different drainage ages, site types, geographical locations and annual weather conditions. In the overall data (n = 971 samples in 333 stands) the foliar N concentration varied between 6.7 and 24.2 mg g -1 , the P concentration between 0.83 and 2.32 mg g -1 , and the K concentration between 2.22 and 6.23 mg g -1 . The original (pre-drainage) mire site type proved to be an important factor in explaining the nutrient status of the trees: on originally forested sites, the nutrient balance (N versus K; N versus P) was mostly adequate, whereas on sparsely forested and treeless sites, K deficiency was common. N deficiency was the most common in forested 'nitrogen-poor' sites, while P and K deficiencies were more common in originally treeless or sparsely forested 'nitrogen rich' sites, where the nutrient imbalance was also the greatest. Over the whole data, 29% of the cases were diagnosed to be N-deficient, 51% P-deficient, and 25% K-deficient. The foliar N concentration increased with increasing temperature sum. The foliar K concentration decreased with increasing depth of the peat layer. On former treeless or sparsely forested sites, foliar K decreased slightly with increasing drainage age. In contrast, on thin-peated sites the foliar P concentration increased with increasing drainage age. The climate conditions (location), the original site type of the mire and peat thickness should be taken into account when planning silvicultural measures on mires drained for forestry.

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“…The other negative impact of ammonia to the plants is related to the disturbances in nutritional balance (Van Dijk, Roelofs, 1988; Kaupenjohann et al, 1989;Ferm et al, 1990;Dueck et al, 1991;Pearson, Stewart, 1993;Fangmaier et al, 1994;Kupčinskienė, 2001). One-year exposure of young saplings of Scots pine to ga seous NH 3 at 53 or 105 µg m -3 in open-top chambers has caused an increase in the needle biomass and N concentration, and decrease of the element ratios (K/N and P/N), showing that fumigation disrupted the nutrient balance (Pérez-Soba, Van der Eerden, 1993), increased the amount of arginine (Ferm et al, 1990;Pérez-Soba et al, 1994;Kupčinskienė, 2006). Due to elevated ammonia the xeromorphic structure of the needles of Scots pine might undergo changes and become more mesomorphic (Holopainen et al, 1992;Palatova, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal dynamics of histological parameters of the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in conditions of excess ammonia

Vilčinskas¹,

Kupčinskienė²

2012

Biologija

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Ammonia is one of the most important aerial pollutants which might affect morphology of conifers. The purpose of our study was to assess morphological and histological parameters of the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing under elevated concentration (up to 17.5 µg m ). The investigation of the seasonal dynamics of the needle morphology (length, width, thickness) and the thickness of the needle tissues in the cross-section (epidermis, hypodermis, mesophyll and central cylinder tissues -transfusion parenchyma and sclerenchyma) in most other cases did not reveal statistically significant differences between the trees growing in ammonia-polluted and relatively clean sites. It was true for both middle-aged and young age stands. Under the elevated concentration of air-ammonia, only some tendencies were observed for thicker needles (up to 1.05 times), thicker adaxial mesophyll (up to 1.10 times) and adaxial transfusion parenchyma (up to 1.06 times) of the needles. For middle-aged stands significant (p < 0.01) needle age differences were observed according to the abaxial and adaxial mesophyll thickness (up to 1.21 times thicker in 1-yearold needles), the same was true for the needles of the young age stand (up to 1.25 times). At the end of August, the average length of 1-year-old needles was 76 mm, width 1.7 mm and thickness 0.76 mm. For some histological parameters statistically significant (p < 0.05) seasonal differences were observed: the thickness of adaxial transfusion parenchyma was decreasing and the sclerenchyma width was increasing within the June-August period.

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Effects of High Nitrogen Deposition on Forests: Case Studies Close to Fur Animal Farms

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Does ice crystal formation in buds explain growth disturbances in boron-deficient Norway spruce?

Does ice crystal formation in buds explain growth disturbances in boron-deficient Norway spruce?

Foliar nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations of Scots pine in drained mires in Finland

Seasonal dynamics of histological parameters of the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in conditions of excess ammonia

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