Effects of high K+ concentrations on the growth and development of ciliary ganglion neurons in cell culture

Nishi, Rae; Berg, Daniela

doi:10.1016/0012-1606(81)90153-6

Cited by 114 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Phillipson and Sandler (1975) have reported that elevation of the extracellular K+ levels increased the cell number in the culture of explants of chick embryo sympathetic ganglia. Consistent with studies on other types of neurons (Scott and Fisher 1970 ;Scott 1971Scott , 1977Lasher and Zagon 1972 ;Bennet and White 1979 ;Nishi and Berg 1981), our observations support the general idea on the facilitatory effect of high K+ media on neuronal survival. Changing the normal medium to the high K+ medium or the high K+ medium to the normal, had little influence on neuronal survival, although such treatments produced a clear effect on CA fluorescence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Nishi and Berg (1981) have suggested that the enhanced growth of ciliary ganglion neurons brought about by elevated K+ levels requires Ca++ entry into the cells. Walicke and Patterson (1981) have reported that Ca++ may also be necessary for the effect that membrane depolarization has on transmitter commitment on sympathetic neurons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The normal K+ medium with Hanks' base contained 5.3 mM K+, and the high K+ medium contained 40 mM K+ (Scott and Fisher 1970). The 40 mM K+ medium was prepared by adding KCl without removal of other ionic component including NaCI (Nishi and Berg 1981). The osmolality of the normal and of the high K+ medium was 325 mosm and 395 mosm, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A question remains, however, if it has any trophic effects on neurons themselves. It has been shown that chronic depolarization of the cell membrane by an elevated extracellular potassium (K+) level increases the number of surviving neurons in culture of several cells, such as cerebellar neurons, ciliary ganglion neurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons (Scott and Fisher 1970;Scott 1971Scott , 1977Lasher and Zagon 1972;Bennett and White 1979;Chalazonitis and Fischbach 1980;Nishi and Berg 1981). In a few studies, however, effects of elevated K+ on the survival of sympathetic ganglion cells in culture were observed (Phillipson and Sandier 1975;Wakade et al 1983;Wakade and Thoenen 1984).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The effects of elevated potassium on sympathetic ganglion cells in culture.

Watanabe

Handa

Shimizu

1989

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Effects of a high potassium (40 mM) medium on the survival and differentiation of sympathetic ganglion cells from chick embryos were studied in dissociated cell culture. In the high potassium medium, survival of the sympathetic ganglion neurons was improved and catecholamine fluorescence of the nerve fibers increased with several days in culture, while acetylcholinesterase activity was slightly positive. In contrast, in the control medium, catecholamine fluorescence was only faintly observed, while acetylcholinesterase became strongly positive. Catecholamine fluorescence was intensified by increasing the potassium concentration in a medium, while it was diminished by reversing the potassium level back to the normal one. The effect of the high potassium medium on catecholamine fluorescence was reduced by Ca++ influx inhibitors, diltiazem or Mg.++ It is suggested that the high potassium medium increased the survival rate and prevented the sympathetic neurons from becoming cholinergic and allowed them to develop their adrenergic properties presumably through an increased level of the intracellular Ca++ due to Ca++ entry. sympathetic ganglion ; potassium ; cell culture ; differentiation Membrane potential is known to be an important factor involved in the mechanism and regulation of neuronal transmission. A question remains, however, if it has any trophic effects on neurons themselves. It has been shown that chronic depolarization of the cell membrane by an elevated extracellular potassium (K+) level increases the number of surviving neurons in culture of several cells, such as cerebellar neurons, ciliary ganglion neurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The effects of elevated potassium on sympathetic ganglion cells in culture.

Watanabe

Handa

Shimizu

1989

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…Action potential-driven activation of VGCC and Ca 2ϩ release from intracellular stores can be mimicked by depolarizing plasma membrane with high extracellular K ϩ ( e K ϩ ). It has been shown that upon prolonged exposure to high e K ϩ , PC12 cells undergo sustained membrane depolarization (23) and can execute frequent NT exocytosis for several minutes (24). Derived from rat adrenal pheochromocytoma, PC12 cells have rather heterogeneous pool of Ca 2ϩ stores and express L, N, T, and P/Q types of VGCC (25,26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Intracellular Oxygen in PC12 Cells upon Stimulation of Neurotransmission

Zhdanov

Ward

Prehn

et al. 2008

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance of membrane excitability require high mitochondrial activity in neurosecretory cells. Using a fluorescence-based intracellular O 2 sensing technique, we investigated the respiration of differentiated PC12 cells upon depolarization with 100 mM K ؉ . Single cell confocal analysis identified a significant depolarization of the plasma membrane potential and a relatively minor depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential following K ؉ exposure. We observed a two-phase respiratory response: a first intense spike lasting ϳ10 min, during which average intracellular O 2 was reduced from 85-90% of air saturation to 55-65%, followed by a second wave of smaller amplitude and longer duration. The fast rise in O 2 consumption coincided with a transient increase in cellular ATP by ϳ60%, which was provided largely by oxidative phosphorylation and by glycolysis. The increase of respiration was orchestrated mainly by Ca 2؉ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the influx of extracellular Ca 2؉ contributed ϳ20%. Depletion of Ca 2؉ stores by ryanodine, thapsigargin, and 4-chloro-m-cresol reduced the amplitude of respiratory spike by 45, 63, and 71%, respectively, whereas chelation of intracellular Ca 2؉ abolished the response. Uncoupling of the mitochondria with the protonophore carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone amplified the responses to K ؉ ; elevated respiration induced a profound deoxygenation without increasing the cellular ATP levels reduced by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. Cleavage of synaptobrevin 2 by tetanus toxin, known to reduce neurotransmission, did not affect the respiratory response to K ؉ , whereas the general excitability of d PC12 cells increased.

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Glutamate modulation of dendrite outgrowth: Alterations in the distribution of dendritic microtubules

Wilson

Keith

1998

J. Neurosci. Res.

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Glutamate can both facilitate and inhibit dendrite outgrowth in vitro. The major effects of low levels of glutamate occur only on the dendrites (not the axon) of pyramidal neurons and may be important for modulating dendrite outgrowth during neuronal development in vivo. Cytoskeletal changes resulting from glutamate exposure must underlie these changes in dendrite outgrowth. In the present study, hippocampal neuron cultures were used to measure the outgrowth of both axons and immature dendrites in the presence or absence of 50 microM glutamate. Subsequently, neurons were extracted and fixed for immunofluorescent labeling of microtubules and rhodamine phalloidin labeling of microfilaments. Additionally, neurons were prepared for electron microscopy to examine dendritic microtubules at the ultrastructural level. Glutamate led to increased dendrite outgrowth in the short term (4 hr) and dendrite retraction in the long term (8 hr). After short-term glutamate exposures, no obvious morphological changes occur in either the microtubules or microfilaments. However, longer glutamate exposure causes a decrease in the number of microtubules in the distal region of retracting dendrites, and causes an increase in microtubule number in the dendritic shaft of both retracting and growing dendrites. Thus, the microtubule cytoskeleton may be involved in producing the changes in dendrite outgrowth caused by glutamate exposure.

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Effects of high K+ concentrations on the growth and development of ciliary ganglion neurons in cell culture

Cited by 114 publications

References 32 publications

The effects of elevated potassium on sympathetic ganglion cells in culture.

The effects of elevated potassium on sympathetic ganglion cells in culture.

Dynamics of Intracellular Oxygen in PC12 Cells upon Stimulation of Neurotransmission

Glutamate modulation of dendrite outgrowth: Alterations in the distribution of dendritic microtubules

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