Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal-weight women

Melanson, Kathleen J.; Zukley, Linda; Lowndes, Joshua; Nguyen, Von; Angelopoulos, Theodore J.; Rippe, James M.

doi:10.1016/j.nut.2006.11.001

Cited by 117 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…118 Studies in humans have also shown the remarkable ability of fructose to induce features of metabolic syndrome. [119][120][121] While some clinical studies have argued that fructose is not special in its ability to induce metabolic syndrome, [122][123][124] these latter studies inevitably are short term or have defects in experimental design (discussed by Johnson et al 107 ). Indeed, recent studies suggest that humans may be more sensitive to the effects of fructose than most mammals because uric acid mediates some of the metabolic features.…”

Section: The Rise In Intake Of Added Sugars and Their Effect On Africmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights on the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans

Saab

Kendrick

Yracheta

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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African Americans are at increased risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including obesity, high BP, diabetes, CKD, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Here we summarize the current risks and provide an overview of the underlying risk factors that may account for these associations. By reviewing the relationship between cardiovascular and renal diseases and the African-American population during the early 20th century, the historic and recent associations of African heritage with cardiovascular disease, and modern population genetics, it is possible to assemble strong hypotheses for the primary underlying mechanisms driving the increased frequency of disease in African Americans. Our studies suggest that underlying genetic mechanisms may be responsible for the increased frequency of high BP and kidney disease in African Americans, with particular emphasis on the role of APOL1 polymorphisms in causing kidney disease. In contrast, the Western diet, particularly the relatively high intake of fructose-containing sugars and sweetened beverages, appears to be the dominant force driving the increased risk of diabetes, obesity, and downstream complications. Given that intake of added sugars is a remediable risk factor, we recommend clinical trials to examine the reduction of sweetened beverages as a primary means for reducing cardiovascular risk in African Americans.

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Section: The Rise In Intake Of Added Sugars and Their Effect On Africmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights on the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans

Saab

Kendrick

Yracheta

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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“…One study showed that the short-term metabolic responses to a beverage sweetened with HFCS are no different to one sweetened with sucrose. 77 Another study showed that drinks that were sweetened with either sucrose or HFCS did not have significantly different effects on hunger, satiety or on energy intake at a subsequent lunch. 78 In the absence of long term studies on the effects of HFCS versus sucrose, it seems premature to blame the switch to HFCS as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of obesity or cardiovascular diseases.…”

Section: The Role Of Caffeine In Soft Drinksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugary drinks in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases

Dulloo

2008

Int J Obes

114

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Soft drink overconsumption is now considered to be a major public health concern with implications for cardiovascular diseases. This follows a number of studies performed in animals suggesting that chronic consumption of refined sugars can contribute to metabolic and cardiovascular dysregulation. In particular, the monosaccharide fructose has been attracting increasing attention as the more harmful sugar component in terms of weight gain and metabolic disturbances. High-fructose corn syrup is gradually replacing sucrose as the main sweetener in soft drinks and has been blamed as a potential contributor to the current high prevalence of obesity. There is also considerable evidence that fructose, rather than glucose, is the more damaging sugar component in terms of cardiovascular risk. This review focuses on the potential role of sugar drinks, particularly the fructose component, in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases.

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“…Based on the fact that fructose inhibits less ghrelin and increases less leptin than glucose [51], one may have hypothesized that HFCS would have a different effect than sucrose on these hormones and hence would have a lesser satiating effect. It was however documented that it was not the case, and that HFCS and sucrose produced similar leptin increases and ghrelin suppression in healthy female volunteers [52]. Furthermore, HFCS, sucrose, or equimolar glucose-fructose mixtures elicited similar satiety responses [53] or energy intake at a subsequent meal [54].…”

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confidence: 99%

Fructose and metabolic diseases: New findings, new questions

et al. 2010

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There has been much concern regarding the role of dietary fructose in the development of metabolic diseases. This concern arises from the continuous increase in fructose (and total added caloric sweeteners consumption) in recent decades, and from the increased use of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as a sweetener. A large body of evidence shows that a high-fructose diet leads to the development of obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in rodents. In humans, fructose has long been known to increase plasma triglyceride concentrations. In addition, when ingested in large amounts as part of a hypercaloric diet, it can cause hepatic insulin resistance, increased total and visceral fat mass, and accumulation of ectopic fat in the liver and skeletal muscle. These early effects may be instrumental in causing, in the long run, the development of the metabolic syndrome. There is however only limited evidence that fructose per se, when consumed in moderate amounts, has deleterious effects. Several effects of a high-fructose diet in humans can be observed with high-fat or high-glucose diets as well, suggesting that an excess caloric intake may be the main factor involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome. The major source of fructose in our diet is with sweetened beverages (and with other products in which caloric sweeteners have been added). The progressive replacement of sucrose by HFCS is however unlikely to be directly involved in the epidemy of metabolic disease, because HFCS appears to have basically the same metabolic effects as sucrose. Consumption of sweetened beverages is however clearly associated with excess calorie intake, and an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases through an increase in body weight. This has led to the recommendation to limit the daily intake of sugar calories.Pure, white, and deadly: the dark side of sugar was suspected many years ago, when an association between sugar consumption and coronary heart diseases was recognized and emphasized by John Yudkin [1]. Sugar, a natural sweetener obtained from either sugar cane or beets, is a disaccharide composed of one glucose molecule linked through an α1-4 glycoside bond to a fructose molecule. Fructose, besides contributing to half the total content of sugar, can also be found as a hexose in fruits and honey. More recently, sweeteners started to be produced from corn through starch isolation and hydrolysis to glucose, followed by enzymatic isomerization of part of the glucose into fructose [2,3]. The resulting mixture, known as high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), has several industrial advantages over sugar, the most important being its low price, and has progressively replaced sugar consumption in North America over the past 30 years.Fructose metabolism has been reviewed extensively elsewhere [4][5][6] and will be only briefly outlined here. In the gut, fructose is transported by specific transporters, GLUT5 [7,8]. In some subjects, fructose absorption is quantitatively limited, and some malabsorption occurs when lar...

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Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal-weight women

Cited by 117 publications

References 50 publications

New Insights on the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans

New Insights on the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans

Sugary drinks in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases

Fructose and metabolic diseases: New findings, new questions

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