Effects of High Dietary Levels of Cottonseed Meal and Rapeseed Meal on Growth Performance, Muscle Texture, and Expression of Muscle‐Related Genes in Grass Carp

Abstract

A 10‐week feeding experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of rapeseed meal (RSM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) as a replacement for equal proportions of fish meal and soybean meal for Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Two isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated; a basic commercial formula was fed to the control (CT) group, while the RSM and CSM diet was fed to the experimental (ET) group. The results showed that the survival rates were 98% (CT group) and 99% (ET group), which were not significantly different. Compared with the CT group, the weight gain rate of Grass Carp in the ET group was significantly decreased; hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of muscle in the ET group showed significant increases; and adhesiveness of muscle was significantly increased. The expression levels of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC*) and myogenic regulatory factor 5 (Myf5*) genes in the muscle of the ET group were significantly increased compared with those in the CT group. Moreover, the expression level of the troponin gene in the ET group muscle was significantly increased compared with that in CT fish. This study indicated that a high proportion of CSM (27%) and RSM (27%) in feed had negative effects on the growth performance and muscle texture of Grass Carp.

Effects of replacement of dietary cottonseed meal by distiller’s dried grains with solubles on growth performance, muscle texture, health and expression of muscle‐related genes in grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus )

“…These results supported our current findings. Moreover, (Hu et al, 2019) reported that the dietary CSM and rapeseed meal inclusion in grass carp lead to increase muscle hardness, gumminess and chewiness but do not affect cohesiveness and springiness due to anti‐nutritional factors in CSM and rapeseed meal that affect the structure of muscle fibres, which partially agrees with our findings. Likewise, Abouel Azm et al, (2021) confirmed that DDGS dietary inclusion caused a softer cooked flesh texture of grass carp.…”

“…The increase in gene expression of MRFs and mstn1 in the control group reflects the higher potential for muscle regeneration in this group, which indicates that fish body produces more muscle cells to compensate the growth depression caused by the anti‐nutritional factors such as gossypol in CSM. This could be confirmed by previous studies (Aksnes et al, 1986; Hu et al, 2019; Ulloa et al, 2013; Xu et al, 2019; Zhao et al, 2018), all of which suggested that muscle regeneration occurred in growth‐restricted fish. Upregulation of mstn gene expression in the control group compared with DDGS containing groups indicated that mstn may prevent the hypertrophy of fish muscle cells rather than differentiation, that confirmed the results by Lee and McPherron (2001).…”

“…Gossypol, protease inhibitors, and more fibre content in addition to amino acids restriction such as lysine, methionine and cysteine limit its use in aquaculture (Heuzé et al, 2013). CSM has been applied in fish diets, such as grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Hu et al, 2019; Zheng et al, 2012), rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Cheng & Hardy, 2002), channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Barros et al, 2000) and tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Yue & Zhou, 2008). CSM inclusion levels vary in fish species.…”

The Interaction of Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles (DDGS) Type and Level on Growth Performance, Health, Texture, and Muscle-Related Gene Expression in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

“…In contrast, the upregulation of myog and myhc expression in the native DDGS-containing groups reflects the better capacity of muscle regeneration in these groups, which might suggest the compensatory process for the growth depression caused by higher crude fiber in the native DDGS. These results may explain why the hardness of muscle increased significantly in the native DDGS groups, which agrees with the results reported by Hu et al ( 53 ). Moreover, our results are consistent with that the difference in body weight between treatments was contributed to the modulation of myog gene expression in male zebrafish fed a PP diet with low growth vs. high growth, which indicated that myog expression was more active, due to possible muscle renewal, in fish with a slower growth rate than those with a faster growth rate ( 54 ).…”

Effects of fish meal replacement with low‐gossypol cottonseed meal on the intestinal barrier of juvenile golden pompano ( Trachinotus ovatus )

“…Cottonseed meal (CSM) is an important plant protein source. It is widely used in feeds of different fish species, such as juvenile black sea bream ( Acanthopagrus schlegelii ) (Sun et al, 2015), juvenile black carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus ) (Hu et al, 2015), juvenile ussuri catfish ( Pseudobagrus ussuriensis ) (Bu et al, 2017), grass carp (Hu et al, 2019), juvenile blunt snout bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala ) (Yuan et al, 2019), silver sillago ( Sillago sihama Forsskal) (Liu, Dong, et al, 2020), largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) (Ni et al, 2021) and others. However, the free gossypol contained in cottonseed meal is toxic to fish, limiting its addition in fish feed.…”