Effects of heat treatment and build orientations on the fatigue life of selective laser melted 15-5 PH stainless steel

Sarkar, Sagar; Kumar, C. S.; Nath, Ashish Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2019.04.003

Cited by 75 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This effect is not seen in wrought samples [87,159]. A similar effect is also observed in the analysis of the LPBF 15-5 PH alloy [126].…”

Section: -4 Ph Stainless Steelsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…This is attributed to the poor surface finish resultant from the LPBF process [125]. Significant improvement in fatigue life can be achieved by surface machining of the AM samples to remove surface defects [125,126], but not to the point of improving upon wrought properties. This supports the observation that surface defects are the most detrimental to the fatigue performance of AM 15-5 PH stainless steel [110].…”

Section: -5 Ph Stainless Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

et al. 2020

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Metal additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a disruptive manufacturing technology in which complex engineering parts are produced in a layer-by-layer manner, using a high-energy heating source and powder, wire or sheet as feeding material. The current paper aims to review the achievements in AM of steels in its ability to obtain superior properties that cannot be achieved through conventional manufacturing routes, thanks to the unique microstructural evolution in AM. The challenges that AM encounters are also reviewed, and suggestions for overcoming these challenges are provided if applicable. We focus on laser powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition as these two methods are currently the most common AM methods to process steels. The main foci are on austenitic stainless steels and maraging/precipitation-hardened (PH) steels, the two so far most widely used classes of steels in AM, before summarising the state-of-the-art of AM of other classes of steels. Our comprehensive review highlights that a wide range of steels can be processed by AM. The unique microstructural features including hierarchical (sub)grains and fine precipitates induced by AM result in enhancements of strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of AM steels when compared to their conventional counterparts. Achieving an acceptable ductility and fatigue performance remains a challenge in AM steels. AM also acts as an intrinsic heat treatment, triggering ‘in situ’ phase transformations including tempering and other precipitation phenomena in different grades of steels such as PH steels and tool steels. A thorough discussion of the performance of AM steels as a function of these unique microstructural features is presented in this review.

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“…This effect is not seen in wrought samples [87,159]. A similar effect is also observed in the analysis of the LPBF 15-5 PH alloy [126].…”

Section: -4 Ph Stainless Steelsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: -5 Ph Stainless Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

et al. 2020

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“…However, in addition to the data provided by the manufacturer of the 3d printing machine and the powder materials used (SLM Solutions) [22], that confirm the obtained results (see Tab. 4), there are several scientific findings that support and validate the behavior observed for steel and nickel alloys produced by selective laser melting [16,20,21,23,24]. In particular, precipitation-hardened (17-4PH and 15-5PH stainless steels), martensite-aging steels (e.g.…”

Section: Effects Of Heat Treatment On Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Residual stresses arising during 3d printing are mainly due to the high cooling rate of the layers and could affect the mechanical performance of final products [20,21]. The determination of the residual stresses was performed by X-ray diffraction with a Cr kα radiation, within the ψ range from -40° to +40° with a step size of 30-60 s. Also, the amount of residual austenite was evaluated by means of XRD analysis through the GNR ArexD solution.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Residual Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of 3d-printing parameters on the mechanical properties of 17-4PH stainless steel produced through Selective Laser Melting

Andreacola

Capasso

Pilotti

et al. 2021

Frattura Ed Integrità Strutturale

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Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technological process in which elements are fruitfully built up adding materials layer by layer. AM had a massive development in recent times, thanks to its intrinsic advantages, especially if compared with conventional processes (i.e. subtractive manufacturing methods), in terms of free-form design, high customization of products, a significant reduction in raw materials consumption, low request of postprocessing and heat treatments, use of pure materials and reduced time for final products to be marketed. In order to give an innovative contribution to the knowledge in the field of metal AM materials, this paper reports the main outcomes of an experimental campaign focused on the influence of several specific printing parameters on the mechanical features of the 17-4PH stainless steel, which is one of the most used metal for the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology. The influence of different printing directions and sample inclinations on the material mechanical behavior is assessed, with the aim of considering an innovative use in the field of structural engineering. Moreover, the effects due to scanning and recoating times are studied. In addition, the consequences of heat treatment (annealing) on both the residual stresses and the amount of residual austenite are appraised.

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“…In addition, variations in the processing parameters such as layer thickness, exposure time, point distance, scanning speed and orientation of the laser beams add on to the microstructural inhomogeneity as well. This can in turn influence the mechanical properties of the parts ( Ref 25,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure, Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Processed by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

Avula

Arohi

Kumar

et al. 2021

J. of Materi Eng and Perform

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The present research deals with producing complicated-shaped 15-5 precipitation-hardened (PH) stainless steel (SS) alloy structure using direct-metal-laser-sintering (DMLS) technique. Systematic microstructural characterization throughout the different planes and sections of the as-build (AB) structure reveals occurrence of non-uniform microstructures with nominal porosity distribution. The size and morphology of the microstructural features are noted to vary along the top and bottom sections of build direction. Such microstructural inhomogeneity is related to non-uniform heating and cooling rates associated during the manufacturing. Presence of trace amount of austenite phase is also noted in the as-build alloy. Post-build heat treatments, including solutionizing and two standard aging or precipitation treatments at 900 and 925 °F, are pursued next, termed as ST, H900 and H925, respectively. ST and H900 alloys reveal existence of homogenized microstructure and absence of austenite phase. This phase is noted to form again in H925 alloy due to diffusion of austenitic stabilizing elements, Cu and Ni, from martensite during the aging process. Presence of Nb-rich precipitates in the aged alloys is also confirmed. Potentiodynamic polarization tests reveal that H900 specimens exhibit highest corrosion resistance in comparison with the AB, ST and H925 conditions. It is due to the stress relaxation of the martensite and auto-passivation of the copper precipitates, formed during aging. Detailed mechanical characterization of as-build, solutionized and aged specimens exhibits interesting results. Hardness is noted to vary along the top and bottom sections of asbuild specimen, former being higher owing to finer grain size. Nevertheless, aging the alloy appears beneficial in enhancing hardness and strengths further, particularly owing to the presence of precipitates. It is apparent from the series of systematic investigations that optimal aging condition (H900) homogenizes microstructure, stabilizes the phase, and thereby leads to optimum combination of improved corrosion resistance, higher hardness, strength, ductility and toughness of DMLS-manufactured 15-5 PH SS alloy.

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Effects of heat treatment and build orientations on the fatigue life of selective laser melted 15-5 PH stainless steel

Cited by 75 publications

References 9 publications

Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

Influence of 3d-printing parameters on the mechanical properties of 17-4PH stainless steel produced through Selective Laser Melting

Microstructure, Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Processed by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

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Effects of heat treatment and build orientations on the fatigue life of selective laser melted 15-5 PH stainless steel

Cited by 75 publications

References 9 publications

Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

Influence of 3d-printing parameters on the mechanical properties of 17-4PH stainless steel produced through Selective Laser Melting

Microstructure, Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Processed by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

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Effects of heat treatment and build orientations on the fatigue life of selective laser melted 15-5 PH stainless steel