Effects of habitat usage on hypoxia avoidance behavior and exposure in reef-dependent marine coastal species

Abstract

Reef habitat in coastal ecosystems is increasingly being augmented with artificial reefs (ARs) and is simultaneously experiencing increasing hypoxia due to eutrophication and climate change. Relatively little is known about the effects of hypoxia on organisms that use complex habitat arrangements and how the presence of highly preferred AR habitat can affect the exposure of organisms to low dissolved oxygen (DO). We performed two laboratory experiments that used video recording of behavioral movement to explore 1) habitat usage and staying duration of individuals continuously exposed to 3, 5, and 7 mg/L dissolved oxygen (DO) in a complex of multiple preferred and avoided habitat types, and 2) the impact of ARs on exposure to different DO concentrations under a series of two-way replicated choice experiments with or without AR placement on the low-oxygen side. Six common reef-dependent species found in the northeastern sea areas of China were used (i.e., rockfish Sebastes schlegelii and Hexagrammos otakii, filefish Thamnaconus modestus, flatfish Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae, sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus, and crab Charybdis japonica). Results showed that lower DO levels decreased the usage of preferred habitats of the sea cucumber and the habitat-generalist filefish but increased the habitat affinity to preferred habitat types for the two habitat-specific rockfishes. Low DO had no effect on the crab’s habitat usage. In the choice experiment, all three fish species avoided 1 mg/L, and the rockfish S. schlegelii continued to avoid the lower DO when given choices involving pairs of 3, 5, and 7 mg/L, while H. otakii and the flatfish showed less avoidance. The availability of ARs affected exposure to low DO for the habitat-preferring rockfishes but was not significant for the flatfish. This study provides information for assessing the ecological effects and potential for adaptation through behavioral movement for key reef-dependent species under the increasing overlap of ARs and hypoxia anticipated in the future.

Evaluation of the Residency of Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) in Artificial Reef Areas Based on Stable Carbon Isotopes

“…Our assertion regarding the significant positive impact of AR construction on the proliferation of this species aligns with observations of the mutual reinforcement between the 'attraction' and 'production' functions within reef areas [6]. While prior studies, such as those by Yu et al [37], Cresson et al [8,38], and Feng et al [39], have notably demonstrated the attraction effect in black rockfish and confirmed the production effects through isotopic technology, our study extends this understanding. We observed a consistent dietary preference among resident black rockfish, indicating a substantial 'production' function, with over 80% exhibiting residency over an extended period.…”

“…In our field surveys, the inshore area remains shallow (5 m) with lower temperatures in winter, while the reef and offshore areas are deeper (>15 m) with a temperature of 7.6 • C. Considering the spatial distribution of the winter isoscape, the possible sources of the two non-resident individuals might be deeper and in unsampled areas. It is likely that the reef area exerted an 'attraction' function in winter since it provides the rocky substrate known to be chosen by rockfish [37] and abundant food resources.…”