Effects of growth regulators and types of culture media on somatic embryogenesis in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Degla Beida)

Micropropagation of Date Palm: A Review

“…Nevertheless, such explants are not appropriate for true-to-type propagation [18]. Different methods have been described for explant disinfection, and the main disinfecting solutions used are sodium hypochlorite [19,20] and mercuric chloride [21,22]. In addition, antioxidant additives such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, polyvinylpyrolydon (PVP), anhydrous caffeine and/or sodium diethyldithiocarbonate have been widely used during disinfection in order to reduce explant browning [12,13,19,20].…”

“…Deglet Nour, these authors reported the production of 200 embryos from 100 mg fresh weight callus in liquid medium after a 1-month cultivation period, while only 10 embryos were recovered from the same amount of callus on a solidified medium [28]. Therefore, in order to enhance somatic embryo maturation, suspension culture of embryogenic calli has been widely used and was reported in many date palm cultivars such as Jihel and Bousthami Noir [29], Nabout Saif [30], Boufeggouss and Bouskri [31] and Degla Beida [22]. Al-Khayri and Al-Bahrany reported that polyethylene glycol (PEG) stimulates the proliferation of embryos while abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits embryo growth [30].…”

“…In date palm cv. Degla Beida, the germination frequency ranged from 8.66 to 35.2% depending on the texture of the culture medium [22]. Al-Khayri and Al-Bahrany reported that the size of somatic embryos (small, medium, large and very large) also influences their germination frequency [30].…”

“…It is due to the high levels of caffeoylshikimic acids contained in date palm tissues [63] and leads to explant death. In order to control tissue browning, activated charcoal or PVP have been incorporated into the culture medium by many researchers [e.g., [21][22][23]53]. In addition, many other authors have used ascorbic acid and/or citric acid in the disinfecting solution in order to prevent browning [e.g., 19,20,23,27].…”

Generation of bioethanol from common date by-products, Teggaza and Lebghel in Southern Algeria

“…It constitutes the principal food of their inhabitants and animals since one kilogram of dates offers about 3,000 calories, income and economy sources for Saharan people in middle-East and North Africa (Boufis et al, 2014). The economy of the these regions is based principally on date palm cultivation and the use of its fruit by-products to prepare pasta, flours, syrups, vinegars, alcohols, yeasts, and confectioneries.…”