Effects of growth and speed on hindlimb joint angular displacement patterns in vervet monkeys (<i>Cercopithecus aethiops</i>)

Vilensky, Joel A.; Gankiewicz, Eva

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330810313

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Furthermore, he showed that, in six species of lizards, the caudifemoralis muscle (which is relatively large in Sceloporus clarkii) comprises up to 36% of the hindlimb muscle mass and up to 56% of the mass of the muscles spanning the hip joint (Snyder, 1954), pointing to a major influence of this muscle and therefore femoral retraction as the primary component producing propulsive force in lizards. Gatesy (1990) has expanded these arguments to make inferences about the evolution of locomotion in theropods; and a similar basis for increasing speed has been shown in the vervet monkey (Vilensky & Gankiewicz, 1990). In addition, Reilly & DeLancey (1997) relate the novel caudifemoralis morphology of lizards to functional differences in limb retraction compared to the amphibians and mammals and hypothesize that these correlated traits may be the functional basis for a fundamental dichotomy in the functional morphology of erect locomotion in mammals vs. saurians.…”

Section: The Functional Basis Of Increasing Speedmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…In Dicamptodon (Ashley-Ross, 1994a, b), Sceloporus (This study; In prep.) and vervet monkeys (Vilensky & Gankiewicz, 1990), the onset of limb retraction begins earlier relative to foot down as speed increases. Thus, the foot hits the substratum after the limb begins to retract, reducing braking impulses and loss of momentum that may occur and speeding up limb retraction.…”

Section: The Functional Basis Of Increasing Speedmentioning

confidence: 94%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: the effects of speed on gait, hindlimb kinematics, and axial bending during walking

Reilly

Delancey

1997

Journal of Zoology

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With 4 figures in the text)Although the hindlimb is widely considered to provide the propulsive force in lizard locomotion, no study to date has analysed kinematic patterns of hindlimb movements for more than one stride for a single individual and no study has considered limb and axial kinematics together. In this study, kinematic data from several individuals of the Sceloporus clarkii are used to describe the movement patterns of the axial skeleton and hindlimb at different speeds, to analyse how kinematics change with speed, and to compare and contrast these findings with the inferred effects of speed cited in the literature. Angular limb movements and axial bending patterns (standing wave with nodes on the girdles) did not change with speed. Only the relative speed of retracting the femur and flexing the knee during limb retraction changes with speed. Based on these data and similar results from a recent study of salamanders, it appears that, over a range of speeds involving a walking trot, sprawling vertebrates increase speed by simply retracting the femur relatively faster, thus this simple functional adjustment may be a general mechanism to increase speed in tetrapods. The demonstration that femoral retraction alone is the major speed effector in Sceloporus clarkii lends strong functional support to ecomorphological implications of limb length (and especially femur length and caudifemoralis size) in locomotory ecology and performance in phrynosomatid lizards. It also lends support to inferences about the caudifemoralis muscle as a preadaptation to terrestrial locomotion and as a key innovation in the evolution of bipedalisrn.

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Section: The Functional Basis Of Increasing Speedmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: The Functional Basis Of Increasing Speedmentioning

confidence: 94%

Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: the effects of speed on gait, hindlimb kinematics, and axial bending during walking

Reilly

Delancey

1997

Journal of Zoology

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“…One consequence of the advent of limb rotation in alligators is that several muscles that actively shorten to flex and extend limb joints during stance phase in sprawling (salamanders; Ashley-Ross, 1994b;lizards: Reilly, 1995;Reilly and DeLancey, 1997b) and erect quadrupeds (mammals; Goslow et al, 1973Goslow et al, , 1981Halbertsma, 1983;Smith et al, 1993;Vilensky and Gankiewicz, 1990) must now act in isometric or even eccentric contraction to stabilize the knee and ankle during the support-and-propulsion phase. Although hindlimb EMG data are lacking for iguana, the knee and ankle flexors in alligators are clearly modulated to stiffen the limb during limb rotation.…”

Section: Is Femoral Torsion a General Feature Of Non-parasagittal Locmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hindlimb function in the alligator: integrating movements, motor patterns, ground reaction forces and bone strain of terrestrial locomotion

Reilly

Willey

Biknevicius

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Alligator hindlimbs show high torsional loads during terrestrial locomotion, in sharp contrast to the bending or axial compressive loads that predominate in animals that use parasagittal limb movements. The present study integrates new data on hindlimb muscle function with previously obtained data on hindlimb kinematics, motor patterns, ground reaction forces and bone strain in order to (1) assess mechanisms underlying limb bone torsion during non-parasagittal locomotion in alligators and (2) improve understanding of hindlimb dynamics during terrestrial locomotion. Three dynamic stance phase periods were recognized: limb-loading, support-andpropulsion, and limb-unloading phases. Shear stresses due to torsion were maximized during the limb-loading phase, during which the ground reaction force (GRF) and caudofemoralis (CFL) muscles generated opposing moments about the femur. Hindlimb retraction during the subsequent stance-and-propulsion phase involves substantial medial rotation of the femur, powered largely by coordinated action of the GRF and CFL. Several muscles that actively shorten to flex and extend limb joints during stance phase in sprawling and erect quadrupeds act in isometric or even eccentric contraction in alligators, stabilizing the knee and ankle during the support-andpropulsion phase. Motor patterns in alligators reveal the presence of local and temporal segregation of muscle functions during locomotion with muscles that lie side by side dedicated to performing different functions and only one of 16 muscles showing clear bursts of activity during both stance and swing phases. Data from alligators add to other recent discoveries that homologous muscles across quadrupeds often do not move joints the same way as is commonly assumed. Although alligators are commonly considered models for early semi-erect tetrapod locomotion, many aspects of hindlimb kinematics, muscle activity patterns, and femoral loading patterns in alligators appear to be derived in alligators rather than reflecting an ancestral semi-erect condition.

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“…The range of body sizes a single species experiences during growth can span several orders of magnitude, particularly in altricial mammals such as primates [20]. For example, in Vilensky and Gankiewicz's [21] ontogenetic study spanning a three-fold mass range in vervet monkeys, some individuals were observed to have more extended knee joints when they were heavier and older compared to when they were younger and lighter. However, Young [19], [22] did not observe statistically significant differences in knee joint angles in older, heavier squirrel monkeys compared to younger, lighter individuals (0.2–0.5 kg size range) even though the larger-bodied individuals did experience greater hind limb forces relative to forelimb forces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic Scaling of Fore- and Hind Limb Posture in Wild Chacma Baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus)

et al. 2013

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Large-scale interspecific studies of mammals ranging between 0.04–280 kg have shown that larger animals walk with more extended limb joints. Within a taxon or clade, however, the relationship between body size and joint posture is less straightforward. Factors that may affect the lack of congruence between broad and narrow phylogenetic analyses of limb kinematics include limited sampling of (1) ranges of body size, and/or (2) numbers of individuals. Unfortunately, both issues are inherent in laboratory-based or zoo locomotion research. In this study, we examined the relationship between body mass and elbow and knee joint angles (our proxies of fore- and hind limb posture, respectively) in a cross-sectional ontogenetic sample of wild chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) habituated in the De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa. Videos were obtained from 33 individuals of known age (12 to ≥108 months) and body mass (2–29.5 kg) during walking trials. Results show that older, heavier baboons walk with significantly more extended knee joints but not elbow joints. This pattern is consistent when examining only males, but not within the female sample. Heavier, older baboons also display significantly less variation in their hind limb posture compared to lighter, young animals. Thus, within this ontogenetic sample of a single primate species spanning an order of magnitude in body mass, hind limb posture exhibited a postural scaling phenomenon while the forelimbs did not. These findings may further help explain 1) why younger mammals (including baboons) tend to have relatively stronger bones than adults, and 2) why humeri appear relatively weaker than femora (in at least baboons). Finally, this study demonstrates how field-acquired kinematics can help answer fundamental biomechanical questions usually addressed only in animal gait laboratories.

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Effects of growth and speed on hindlimb joint angular displacement patterns in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: the effects of speed on gait, hindlimb kinematics, and axial bending during walking

Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: the effects of speed on gait, hindlimb kinematics, and axial bending during walking

Hindlimb function in the alligator: integrating movements, motor patterns, ground reaction forces and bone strain of terrestrial locomotion

Ontogenetic Scaling of Fore- and Hind Limb Posture in Wild Chacma Baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus)

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