Effects of growing site parameters on vessel elements of Quercus ilex through Turkey and evaluating in respect of forestry

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to find the effects of different growing site conditions on trees with the vessel features in the woods of Quercus ilex L. growing in different regions through Turkey under different site conditions, and to evaluate the results in respect of forestry. A total of 102 wood samples were collected from 102 sampling plots (as 20 m x 10 m plots) in 9 distribution areas in Turkey. Environmental, climate and stand data were obtained for each plot. Standard wood anatomical studies were performed. The results show that, while vessel element lengths are almost stable in all regions, the most changeable vessel element feature is the vessel frequency in different regions of Quercus Q. ilex. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the mesomorphy and xeromorphy ratios revealed that a total of 15 sites fell into Group 1 (14.71%-very humid), 39 sites (38.24%-humid) into Group 2 and 48 sites (47.06%-dry) into Group 3. The ratios of dry sites are 29.63% in Black sea region, 45.71% in Marmara region and 60% in Aegean region; Black Sea Region promote more mesomorphic wood formation, those in the Aegean region force xeromorphic wood formation in general. The stands of Quercus Q. ilex mixed with Pinus brutia are drier and produce negative correlation with temperature and positive correlations with precipitation. Increasing tree cover, tree height and stem diameter promote wider vessel element diameters and lower number of vessels per square mm. In the individuals of Quercus Q. ilex growing on the mountain ridges of Muğla, Davutlar National Park and its around and on the shallow soils are the driest conditions, and safety is more prominent than efficiency in water transport. In the lower elevations and on the deep soils, efficiency in water transport becomes more prominent than safety. Due to its mesomorphic vessel features in lowland humid sites, Quercus Q. ilex may be planted in lowlands and humid sites through Turkey.

Distribution patterns of Quercus ilex from the last interglacial period to the future by ecological niche modeling

“…Turkey was excluded in the first query because GBIF's data from Anatolia were incomplete and partly incorrect. Thus, 102 occurrence records for Anatolia from the scientific literature and herbaria were added to the GBIF dataset (Akkemik et al., 2021 ; Browicz & Zieliński, 1982 ; Hedge & Yaltırık, 1982 ) As a result, a total of 90,653 occurrence records were considered for the beginning. Then we cleaned the occurrence records step by step.…”

“…All occurrence records (1606) used in the modeling process representing the geographic distribution of Quercus ilex L. (Akkemik et al, 2021;Browicz & Zieliński, 1982;Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), 2022;Hedge & Yaltırık, 1982; including herbarium specimens) with distribution map representing natural populations of Q. ilex form EUFORGEN adapted from Caudullo et al (2017). The area visible on the maps represents the study area.…”

Bi̇yoçeşi̇tli̇li̇k Ve Ekosi̇stemler

“…Bu çalışma kapsamında Türkiye için önemli ve korunması gereken Quercus ilex türünün değişen iklime tepkileri ve yayılışıyla ilgili gelecek projeksiyonları ile bu bağlamda kullanım yerleri konusunda önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Türkiye'de bulunan ağaç ve çalı tür sayısının 629 (Akkemik, 2021) olduğu düşünüldüğünde orman ağaçlarının değişen iklime tepkileri ve türlerin yayılışları konusunda kapsamlı bir ormancılık politikasına ihtiyaç duyduğu görülmektedir.…”

"Quercus Ilex L. Türünün Günümüz Ve Gelecekteki̇ Olasi Yayilişi İle İkli̇m Deği̇şi̇kli̇ği̇ne Uyum Yeteneği̇ni̇n Değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇"

“…Bu çalışma kapsamında Türkiye için önemli ve korunması gereken Quercus ilex türünün değişen iklime tepkileri ve yayılışıyla ilgili gelecek projeksiyonları ile bu bağlamda kullanım yerleri konusunda önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Türkiye'de bulunan ağaç ve çalı tür sayısının 629 (Akkemik, 2021) olduğu düşünüldüğünde orman ağaçlarının değişen iklime tepkileri ve türlerin yayılışları konusunda kapsamlı bir ormancılık politikasına ihtiyaç duyduğu görülmektedir.…”