Effects of ground, steam-flaked, and super-conditioned corn grain on production performance and total-tract digestibility in dairy cows

Malekkhahi, M.; Naserian, Abbas Ali; Rahimi, Atieh; Bazgir, Afsaneh; Vyas, D.; Razzaghi, A.

doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19202

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The increased molar proportion of propionate and decreased acetate-to-propionate ratio in heifers consuming corn grain processed with heat and moisture, as reported in previous studies (Ekinci and Broderick, 1997;Dann et al, 1999;Malekkhahi et al, 2021), is probably due to greater ruminal starch degradability. Different molar percentages of individual VFA in the rumen (a higher propionate instead of acetate) of heifers fed CRC partly explain improved ADG from an energy efficiency stance compared with the FGC and DRC diets.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Evaluating the effect of finely ground, dry-rolled, and crumbled corn grain on performance, feeding behavior, and starch digestion in Holstein dairy heifers

Malekkhahi

Razzaghi

Zadeh³

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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Corn processing methods including finely ground (FGC), dry rolled (DRC), and crumbled corn (CRC) were evaluated to determine their effects on average daily gain (ADG), structural growth, starch digestibility, feeding behavior, and blood metabolites of young dairy heifers. In this study, 36 Holstein heifers [91 ± 4 d of age, 105 ± 6.5 kg of body weight (BW); mean ± standard deviation] housed in 9 pens (4 heifers per pen) were fed diets (dry matter basis) containing 20% forage (wheat straw) and 80% corn-based concentrate for 60 d. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments based on the type of corn grain used for the diets: (1) ground corn (FGC; fine: 1.11 ± 0.52 mm);(2) dry-rolled corn (DRC; 2.30 ± 0.68 mm); and (3) crumbled corn (CRC; 2.54 ± 0.70 mm). Heifers had ad libitum access to diets and water throughout the experiment and the feed intake was measured daily. Animals were weighed at the beginning (91 d of age) and end (151 d of age) of the study. The ADG (kg of BW/d) was calculated at the end of experiment at an individual level. Feeding behavior was recorded based on direct observation by monitoring each heifer every 5 min during a 22-h period at 150 d of age. The CRC and DRC tended to increase feed intake compared with FGC, whereas heifers fed CRC tended to have a greater wither height compared with other treatments. Feed efficiency was not affected; however, ADG and final BW increased in heifers fed the CRC diet compared with other diets. Feeding CRC increased total-tract starch digestibility compared with FGC and DRC diets (97.8 vs. 93.1 and 89.5%, respectively). Compared with FGC diet, feeding DRC and CRC tended to increase rumination time. The molar proportion of propionate was greater, and the molar proportion of acetate and acetate-to-propionate ratio were lower in heifers fed CRC than in those fed DRC. The blood glucose and insulin-like growth factor concentrations increased in heifers fed CRC compared with feeding DRC; however, blood urea concentrations decreased by CRC feeding. In conclusion, thermal processing (CRC diet) improved total-tract starch digestibility, ADG, feed intake, and skeletal growth, but had no effect on feed efficiency during the experimental period. Our results indicated that the thermal processing of corn grain improved growth performance of weaned heifers; however, the performance of heifers over a 60-d period did not differ between mechanical processing methods (grinding and dry rolling).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Evaluating the effect of finely ground, dry-rolled, and crumbled corn grain on performance, feeding behavior, and starch digestion in Holstein dairy heifers

Malekkhahi

Razzaghi

Zadeh³

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Sample size and power analyses were used to calculate (Morris, 1999) the minimum number of replicates needed per treatment (n = 8) to detect a 10% level of observed mean differences for the primary outcome variables, including DMI and lactation performance, with a power of 0.80 and α = 0.05, using 8 replicates per treatment. Estimates of variation for these variables were based on previously reported values (Yu et al, 1998;Alfonso-Avila et al, 2017;Malekkhahi et al, 2021).…”

Section: Cows Experimental Design and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The MFD diet contained 3.2% roasted soybeans (cracked) as a source of UFA and 38.5% of a processed corn product (DM basis) as a primary starch source (Table 1). Corn grain processing (i.e., super-conditioning process) was carried out by placing the ground corn in the super-conditioner (model 680 Dabbel, Asiab Machine Iranian) and injecting steam to increase the moisture content to 18 to 20% along with cooking at 95°C for 6 min as explained by Malekkhahi et al (2021).…”

Section: Cows Experimental Design and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary supplementation or cessation of magnesium-based alkalizers on milk fat output in dairy cows under milk fat depression conditions

Razzaghi

Vakili

Khorrami

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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We aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with magnesium oxide and calcium-magnesium dolomite on milk fat synthesis and milk fatty acid profile or persistency in milk fat synthesis after their cessation in dairy cows under milk fat depression conditions. Twenty-four multiparous dairy cows in early lactation (mean ± standard deviation; 112 ± 14 d in milk) were used in a randomized complete block design. Milk fat depression was induced in all cows for 10 d by feeding a diet containing 35.2% starch, 28.7% neutral detergent fiber, and 4.8% total fatty acid (dry matter). The experiment was conducted in 2 periods. During the Mg-supplementation period (d 1-20), cows were randomly assigned to (1) the milk fat depression diet used during the induction phase (control; n = 8), (2) the control diet plus 0.4% magnesium oxide (MG; n = 8), or (3) the control diet plus 0.8% calcium-magnesium dolomite (CMC; n = 8). Compared with the control group, feeding the magnesium-supplemented diets increased milk fat concentration and yield by 12% within 4 d. During the 20-d Mg-supplementation period, both the MG and CMC diets increased milk fat concentration and yield, as well as 3.5% fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk yield, without affecting dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk protein and lactose concentrations. In the Mg-cessation period (d 21-30), all cows received the control diet, which resulted in a greater milk fat concentration and yield in the cows that had already received the MG and CMC diets in the Mg-supplementation period. Whereas, milk fat concentration and yield remained high after discontinuation of the magnesium-containing alkalizer until d 27. The difference in milk fat synthesis was associated with lower trans-10 C18:1 (−22%) and higher trans-11 C18:1 (+12.5%) concentrations in milk during the Mg-supplementation period. Furthermore, it was evident that within 2 d of supplementation, the trans -10: trans -11 ratio was lower in MG and CMC cows compared with cows receiving the control. This suggested that the effect of magnesium-based alkalizers on milk fat synthesis was mediated via a shift in ruminal biohydrogenation of cis-9,cis-12 C18:2 in the rumen. In conclusion, abrupt addition of magnesium oxide and calcium-magnesium dolomite increased milk fat synthesis, which persisted for 7 d after cessation of magnesium-based alkalizers. A similar ability to recover milk fat synthesis and normal fatty acid biohydrogenation pathways was observed for magnesium oxide and calcium-magnesium dolomite.

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“…The various processing treatments of animal feeds influence the rumen fermentation characteristics of grain starch, which in turn affect animal performance. Based on a review of the available literature, the most commonly studied treatments of corn used in ruminant nutrition are grinding, dry rolling, steam rolling, and steam flaking [ 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Studies covering pelleting [ 26 , 27 ], extrusion [ 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], and expansion [ 31 ] are available but to a much lesser extent than the above-mentioned treatments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Changes of Heat-Treated Corn Grain Used in Ruminant Nutrition

Kokić

Dokić

Pezo

et al. 2022

Animals

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Cereal grain is processed using different combinations of heat, moisture, time, and mechanical action in order to improve its digestibility. The objective of the present research was to quantitatively represent the physicochemical properties of raw and processed starch using an in vitro methodology, as well as to describe the changes that occurred after heat treatment, such as pelleting, steam flaking, micronization, and extrusion of corn. Based on the obtained results, pelleting, steam flaking, and micronization can be considered as mild heat treatment methods, whereas extrusion proved to be a severe heat treatment method. Analysis of functional and pasting properties implied a possible interaction between the degraded components in the steam-flaked sample, as well as in the micronized sample, through to a lesser extent. Additionally, the occurrence of dextrins was noted after extrusion. The obtained results indicate the existence of significant differences in the physicochemical properties of corn starch depending on the heat treatment applied, which could possibly affect rumen starch degradation traits.

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Effects of ground, steam-flaked, and super-conditioned corn grain on production performance and total-tract digestibility in dairy cows

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Evaluating the effect of finely ground, dry-rolled, and crumbled corn grain on performance, feeding behavior, and starch digestion in Holstein dairy heifers

Evaluating the effect of finely ground, dry-rolled, and crumbled corn grain on performance, feeding behavior, and starch digestion in Holstein dairy heifers

Effect of dietary supplementation or cessation of magnesium-based alkalizers on milk fat output in dairy cows under milk fat depression conditions

Physicochemical Changes of Heat-Treated Corn Grain Used in Ruminant Nutrition

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