Effects of GnRH on Neurite Outgrowth, Neurofilament and Spinophilin Proteins Expression in Cultured Spinal Cord Neurons of Rat Embryos

Quintanar, J. Luis; Calderón-Vallejo, Denisse; Hernández-Jasso, Irma

doi:10.1007/s11064-016-1983-0

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In rat embryos, Quintanar et al [ 154 ] studied the effects of GnRH on neurites and upon 68 and 200 kDa neurofilament expression in spinal cord neurons in culture; in addition, changes in spinohilin gene expression were also determined (spinophilin is considered a marker of synaptic contact). The results showed that GnRH stimulates neurite outgrowth ( Figure 1 A,B) in addition to an increase in neurofilaments and spinophilin expression.…”

Section: Expression and Neurotrophic Effects Of Gnrh In The Cnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Hormone (GH) and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in the Central Nervous System: A Potential Neurological Combinatory Therapy?

Martínez-Moreno

Calderón-Vallejo

Harvey

et al. 2018

IJMS

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This brief review of the neurological effects of growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain, particularly in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord, neural retina, and brain tumors, summarizes recent information about their therapeutic potential as treatments for different neuropathologies and neurodegenerative processes. The effect of GH and GnRH (by independent administration) has been associated with beneficial impacts in patients with brain trauma and spinal cord injuries. Both GH and GnRH have demonstrated potent neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative action. Positive behavioral and cognitive effects are also associated with GH and GnRH administration. Increasing evidence suggests the possibility of a multifactorial therapy that includes both GH and GnRH.

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Section: Expression and Neurotrophic Effects Of Gnrh In The Cnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Hormone (GH) and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in the Central Nervous System: A Potential Neurological Combinatory Therapy?

Martínez-Moreno

Calderón-Vallejo

Harvey

et al. 2018

IJMS

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“…It is possible that the effects obtained by LA administration are due to the activation of receptors for GnRH present in the spinal cord. Previously, the presence of GnRH receptors in spinal cord neurons in animal models such as sheep (Dolan et al 2003) and rat (Quintanar et al 2007) has been described, and these receptors respond to stimulation with GnRH (Quintanar et al 2016a). Once the receptors are activated, biochemical, morphological and functional changes could be generated in the injured nervous tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once the receptors are activated, biochemical, morphological and functional changes could be generated in the injured nervous tissue. In relation to biochemical changes, it has been described that GnRH, or its analogue LA, induces an increase in the expression of neuronal regeneration marker proteins such as 68 and 200 kDa neurofilaments and spinophilin in spinal cord neurons of rat in vivo (Calderón-Vallejo and Quintanar 2012) and in vitro (Quintanar et al 2016a). Likewise, LA induces an increase in myelin basic protein expression, a principal constitutive protein of myelin in oligodendrocytes of spinal cord in a model of multiple sclerosis (Guzmán-Soto et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological improvement in patients with chronic spinal cord injury treated with leuprolide acetate, an agonist of GnRH

Quintanar¹,

Díaz-Galindo²,

Calderón-Vallejo³

et al. 2018

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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It has been reported that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and its analogue leuprolide acetate (LA), have neurotrophic properties; particularly in the regeneration of injured spinal cord in animal models and in the case of a patient with spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to establish whether treatment with LA improves sensitivity, motor activity and independence in patients with chronic SCI. Patients were treated LA once a month for six months. They were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of treatment; using a sensitivity and motor impairment scale, according to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), and grade of independence scale; employing the spinal cord independence measure (SCIM). Statistical analysis showed a significant improvement in the ASIA sensory score and the SCIM score when comparing the initial versus final evaluation after six months of LA administration. Some patients showed an increase in frequency of bowel movements. Treatment with LA induces improvements in sensitivity, motor activity and independence in patients with chronic SCI. One advantage of this protocol is that it is a non-invasive method of easy and safe application, with few side effects.

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“…Treatment with GnRH or leuprolide acetate (LA), a GnRH agonist, favored the increase of outgrowths, and the length of neurites in studies with cell cultures of cortical neurons and spinal cord from rat embryos. 150,151 Currently, GnRH agonists are used for the treatment of central precocious puberty, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility in men, alterations in GnRH secretion, and in the treatment of breast cancer and prostate. 152 Compared with GnRH, the GnRH agonists have a higher affinity for the GnRH receptor and is more resistant to enzymatic degradation and has a powerful effect.…”

Section: Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Agonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy: Perspectives of Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Treatments

2022

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Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a serious condition that could have deleterious neurological outcomes, such as cerebral palsy, neuromotor disability, developmental disability, epilepsy, and sensitive or cognitive problems, and increase the risk of death in severe cases. Once HIE occurs, molecular cascades are triggered favoring the oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and inflammation damage that promote cell death via apoptosis or necrosis. Currently, the therapeutic hypothermia is the standard of care in HIE; however, it has a small window of action and only can be used in children of more than 36 gestational weeks; for this reason, it is very important to develop new therapies to prevent the progression of the hypoxic–ischemic injury or to develop neuroregenerative therapies in severe HIE cases. The objective of this revision is to describe the emerging treatments for HIE, either preventing cell death for oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, or exacerbated inflammation, as well as describing a new therapeutic approach for neuroregeneration, such as mesenchymal stem cells, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and gonadotropin realizing hormone agonists.

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Effects of GnRH on Neurite Outgrowth, Neurofilament and Spinophilin Proteins Expression in Cultured Spinal Cord Neurons of Rat Embryos

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Growth Hormone (GH) and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in the Central Nervous System: A Potential Neurological Combinatory Therapy?

Growth Hormone (GH) and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in the Central Nervous System: A Potential Neurological Combinatory Therapy?

Neurological improvement in patients with chronic spinal cord injury treated with leuprolide acetate, an agonist of GnRH

Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy: Perspectives of Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Treatments

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