Effects of Glycerol on Cold-Hardiness in Insects

Sømme, Lauritz

doi:10.1139/z64-009

Cited by 210 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In Canada, the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harris), has a lower SCP in the Temperate Dry climate of Alberta (-44.6°C;Sømme, 1964), than in the Temperate Cold Continental climate of Nova Scotia (-37.2°C;MacPhee, 1964). The SCP of Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer in Canada is higher in the Temperate Cold Continental zone (-34.0°C) than that in the colder Boreal Continental zone (-39.1°C) (Sullivan, 1965).…”

Section: Variation Within Species Among and Within Climatic Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distribution of insect species inhabiting the galls of goldenrod in North America includes several climatic zones. The SCPs of populations of goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis in the Suptropical Dry climate of Texas varied from -10.0 to -18.2°C , but populations in the Temperate Cold Continental and Temperate Dry zones only varied from -9.6 to -13.7°C (Sømme, 1964(Sømme, , 1978Baust & Lee, 1981;Rickards et al, 1987 Zachariassen & Hammel, 1976;Zachariassen, 1980;Gehrken, 1992 -17.0, -19.0, -27 …”

Section: Variation Within Species Among and Within Climatic Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Winter climates and coldhardiness in terrestrial insects

Turnock¹,

Fields²

2005

Eur. J. Entomol.

108

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Abstract. Overwintering insects must avoid injury and death from the freezing of tissues and from metabolic disruptions associated with exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures. The winter climates of the world are classified in relation to insect overwintering on the basis of their minimum temperatures and the duration of the winter (when temperatures are below the thermal range for activity and development). Outside the Tropical Wet zone, the severity of exposure to cold (temperature, snowfall, duration of exposure, predictability, variability) can vary from a few days at 0°C to months below -20°C with extremes as low as -60°C. The severity of the temperature exposure may be ameliorated by the selection by insects of overwintering sites (exposed, partly-exposed, protected). The relationships among overwintering habitats, the minimum winter temperature in climatic zones, and the supercooling points (SCP) of over 350 terrestrial insects from published reports were examined. Variability in the SCP among insects within each climatic zone and habitat was wide. Among the freeze-susceptible species that overwintered in exposed or partly-protected habitats the SCP and the cold severity of climate were correlated. This was not the case for insects that overwintered in protected habitats. The SCP's of freeze-tolerant insects were generally higher than the freeze-susceptible insects, and the SCP's were not tightly linked with the cold severity of climatic zone. Insects, both freeze-susceptible and freeze-tolerant, overwintering in exposed habitats had lower SCP's than insects from habitats that offered some protection from ambient temperatures. Thirty-eight species had reports of SCP's for different geographical locations. Although there were occasionally differences in the SCP's, there was no consistent pattern of insects having lower SCP's when overwintering in colder habitats. The incidence of freeze-tolerance was higher in boreal and polar climatic zones than in climatic zones with warmer winters. Holometabola insects had a higher incidence of freeze-tolerance than hemimetabola insects. Suggestions for future research directions are outlined.

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Section: Variation Within Species Among and Within Climatic Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Variation Within Species Among and Within Climatic Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter climates and coldhardiness in terrestrial insects

Turnock¹,

Fields²

2005

Eur. J. Entomol.

108

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“…Temperature is an important factor in the ecology of insects as it affects the physical conditions of habitat and the physiology of insects themselves (Safranyik 1978;Wellington 1950). In the case of mountain pine beetle, observations were made on the effects of extremely high (Patterson 1930) and low (Somme 1964;Yuill1941) temperatures. Between the extremes is an optimum zone of temperature that may be modified by other microclimatic factors (Rudinsky 1962).…”

Section: Effects Of Thinning On Temperature Dynamics Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of thinning on temperature dynamics and mountain pine beetle activity in a lodgepole pine stand

Bartos¹,

Booth²

1994

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“…unguicularis demonstrates two important specializations which enable it to exploit Namib Desert fogs, and which may have contributed (at least in part) to the development of its fog-basking behaviour : (i) O. unguicularis possesses a blood glycerol level which is significantly higher than that of other diurnal species examined, and which is intermediate between that of the strictly nocturnal eurychorine S. stali and the diurnal adesmiine species Stenocara gracilipes, O. rugatipennis and Physadesmia globosa (Naidu, 1998(Naidu, , 2001. Glycerol, which causes depression of the supercooling point, is considered to be one of the most efficient cryoprotective compounds occurring naturally, and has been implicated in the overwintering ability or cold-hardiness (freezing tolerance) of many insects (Chino, 1957;Salt, 1959;Smith, 1961;Sømme, 1964Sømme, , 1965Doebbler, 1966;Asahina, 1966;Baust & Miller, 1970;Storey & Storey, 2005). Its considerable presence in the haemolymph of O. unguicularis (together with trehalose), therefore, would be of obvious significance to fog-basking during conditions which may otherwise preclude the presence of this species on the surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Why does the Namib Desert tenebrionid Onymacris unguicularis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) fog-bask?

Naidu¹

2008

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Dehydration of Onymacris unguicularis (Haag) for 10 days at 27°C resulted in a weight loss of 14.9%, and a 37% decrease in haemolymph volume. Although there was an overall decrease in the lipid content during this period, metabolic water production was insufficient to maintain total body water (TBW). Rehydration resulted in increases in body weight (6.2% of initial weight), TBW (to normality), and haemolymph volume (sub-normal at the end of rehydration). Despite an increase of 44.0 mg in the wet weight of O. unguicularis after drinking for 1h, there was little change in the water content at this time, although the total lipid content increased significantly. Increases in haemolymph osmolality, sodium, potassium, chloride, amino acid and total sugar concentrations during dehydration were subject to osmoregulatory control. No evidence of an active amino acid-soluble protein interchange was noted during dehydration or rehydration. Haemolymph trehalose levels were significantly increased at the end of rehydration (relative to immediate pre-rehydration values), indicating de novo sugar synthesis at this time. Osmotic and ionic regulation was evident during rehydration, but control of OP during haemolymph-dilution is poor and accomplished largely by the addition to the haemolymph of free amino acids and solute(s) not measured in this study. There was little mobilization of sodium and chloride ions from storage sites at this time. The lesser osmoregulatory ability of Onymacris unguicularis and perhaps earlier susceptibility to osmotic stress, a significantly high normal blood glycerol level (relative to other diurnal adesmiine tenebrionids), and a water storage mechanism associated with synthesis of fat, probably all contribute to the development of fog-basking behaviour in this species. Water gain in O. unguicularis during periods of relative drought is probably largely accomplished by a greater food consumption.

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Effects of Glycerol on Cold-Hardiness in Insects

Cited by 210 publications

References 5 publications

Winter climates and coldhardiness in terrestrial insects

Winter climates and coldhardiness in terrestrial insects

Effects of thinning on temperature dynamics and mountain pine beetle activity in a lodgepole pine stand

Why does the Namib Desert tenebrionid Onymacris unguicularis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) fog-bask?

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