Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism

McMahon, M. Molly; Gerich, John E.; Rizza, Robert A.

doi:10.1002/dmr.5610040105

Cited by 354 publications

(233 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…8 Furthermore, stroma cells in human adipose tissue develop the characteristic features of adipocytes after glucocorticoid stimulation. 9 Surgical removal of the adrenal can, to some extent, normalize or prevent weight gain and metabolic changes in obesity, [10][11][12] and glucocorticoid treatment in animals after removal of the adrenal glands results in the reappearance of the obesity syndrome.…”

Section: Hpa Axis Dysregulation In Obesity and Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaching the shared biology of obesity and depression: the stress axis as the locus of gene–environment interactions

et al. 2006

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Obesity and depression are serious public health problems and also constitute cardiovascular disease risk factors. Research organizations have called for efforts to explore the interrelationship between obesity and depression. A useful starting point is the fact that in both disorders there is dysregulation of stress systems. We review molecular and clinical evidence indicating that the mediators of the stress response are a key locus for geneenvironment interactions in the shared biology of depression and obesity. Scientific milestones include translational paradigms such as mice knockouts, imaging and pharmacogenomic approaches that can identify new therapeutic strategies for those burdened by these two afflictions of contemporary civilization. Perspectives for the future are promising. Our ability to dissect the underpinnings of common and complex diseases with shared substrates will be greatly enhanced by the Genes and Environment Initiative, the emerging Large Scale Studies of Genes and Environment in Common Disease, and the UK Biobank Project.

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Section: Hpa Axis Dysregulation In Obesity and Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaching the shared biology of obesity and depression: the stress axis as the locus of gene–environment interactions

et al. 2006

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“…These hormones render the animals alert, thus giving them the -E-mail: endvet@uniss.it ability to react to environmental stimuli, in order to preserve organic homeostasis (Herman and Cullinan, 1997). Glucocorticoids and catecholamines also cause a rise in glycaemia, starting from glucidic and non-glucidic substrates such as proteins and an increase of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), derived from lipid mobilization (McMahon et al, 1988;Mormede, 1988). Taken together, these effects produce a greater availability of energy for the brain and muscles, and thereby a more efficient behavioural response to stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of shearing procedures on blood levels of growth hormone, cortisol and other stress haematochemical parameters in Sarda sheep

Carcangiu

Vacca

Parmeggiani

et al. 2008

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The aim of this research was to investigate how growth hormone (GH) cortisol and some haematochemical parameters could be modified by the stress caused by the stages of shearing in Sarda breed sheep. Five groups of 10 sheep each were formed. Group A, only separated from the flock; Group B, only tied; Group C, both tied and shorn (animals in these three groups were ewe lambs shorn for the first time); Group D, adult females both tied and shorn; and Group E, adult entire males both tied and shorn (animals in these two groups had been shorn previously). Five blood samples were taken from each animal: the day before treatment (first sample); at the start of the treatment (second sample); in the middle of shearing for Groups C, D and E, 10 min after separation in Group A and 10 min after tying in Group B (third sample); at the end of treatment (fourth sample); and on the day after treatment (fifth sample). Plasma GH levels showed a decrease (P , 0.01) in Groups A, B, C and D during treatment (third and fourth samples), while Group E only at the end of shearing (fourth sample). In the third sample, the highest GH levels were recorded for Group E (P , 0.05), while it was recorded in the fourth sample for Groups A and E (P , 0.05). Cortisol levels showed a clear increase (P , 0.01) in all groups during treatment, but Group A showed a decrease in the fourth sample in comparison to the third sample. Males in the second, third and fourth sample and Group A only in the fourth sample showed lower cortisol levels when compared with the other groups (P , 0.05). Plasma glucose levels showed an increase (P , 0.01) in all groups during treatment but Groups B, C and E showed the highest values (P , 0.05). Magnesium (Mg) showed an increase in all groups in the third and fourth sample, while sodium (Na), in the same samples, only in Groups B, C and D. Potassium (K) values showed a significant decrease (P , 0.05) only in Groups C and D at the end of shearing. These results show that GH secretion is influenced by all the stress procedure: separation, tying and shearing. Shearing, even if necessary for animals, causes a significant change of the blood parameters involved in the stress response.

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“…GCs are known to increase insulin resistance by facilitating hepatic glucose production and reducing peripheral glucose disposal (14)(15)(16). As a result, the use of GCs is associated with a risk of development or worsening of glucose intolerance, which is well known as one of the major adverse effects of GC therapy (17).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Glucocorticoid Treatment on β- and α-Cell Mass in Japanese Adults With and Without Diabetes

et al. 2015

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The aim of this study was 1) to clarify b-cell regenerative capacity in the face of glucocorticoid (GC)-induced insulin resistance and 2) to clarify the change in b-and a-cell mass in GC-induced diabetes in humans. We obtained the pancreases from 100 Japanese autopsy case subjects. The case subjects were classified according to whether or not they had received GC therapy before death and the presence or absence of diabetes. Fractional b-cell area (%BCA) and a-cell area (%ACA) were quantified, and the relationship with GC therapy was evaluated. As a result, in case subjects without diabetes, there was no significant difference in %BCA between case subjects with and without GC therapy (1.66 6 1.05% vs. 1.21 6 0.59%, P = 0.13). %ACA was also not significantly different between the two groups. In case subjects with type 2 diabetes, %BCA and %ACA were both significantly reduced compared with control subjects without diabetes; however, neither %BCA nor %ACA was significantly decreased in case subjects with GC-induced diabetes. There was a significant negative correlation between %BCA and HbA 1c measured before death; however, this relationship was attenuated in case subjects with GC therapy. In conclusion, the current study suggests that b-and a-cell mass remain largely unchanged in the face of GC-induced insulin resistance in Japanese individuals, implying limited capacity of b-cell regeneration in adult humans. The absence of apparent b-cell deficit in case subjects with GCinduced diabetes suggests that GC-induced diabetes is mainly caused by insulin resistance and/or b-cell dysfunction, but not necessarily a deficit of b-cell mass.Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are both characterized by a deficit of b-cell mass (BCM) (1,2).Preservation or recovery of BCM is therefore an important therapeutic strategy for both T1DM and T2DM. However, the regenerative capacity of BCM in humans remains largely unknown.In rodents, b-cells have been shown to be able to adaptively increase in response to an increased insulin demand such as obesity or pregnancy (3-5). However, b-cell proliferation in humans has been reported to rapidly decrease within 5 years after birth, and only minimal b-cell proliferation is observed in adults (6-8). Estimation of b-cell life span by lipofuscin accumulation or radiocarbon dating has also suggested minimal b-cell turnover in adult humans (9,10). Therefore, clarification of endogenous regenerative capacity in adult humans is critical for interpretation of the results of rodent studies and their application to humans.It has been reported that BCM is increased by 20 to 50% in obese adult humans without diabetes (8,11), to a smaller degree than in rodents, which usually show a two-to threefold increase (4,5), consistent with lower b-cell turnover in adult humans. Recently, we have also reported that in the Japanese population, no significant increase in BCM was observed in obese adults without diabetes (12). These findings further underscore the limited capacity of BCM expansion in adult...

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Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism

Cited by 354 publications

References 107 publications

Approaching the shared biology of obesity and depression: the stress axis as the locus of gene–environment interactions

Approaching the shared biology of obesity and depression: the stress axis as the locus of gene–environment interactions

The effect of shearing procedures on blood levels of growth hormone, cortisol and other stress haematochemical parameters in Sarda sheep

Effects of Glucocorticoid Treatment on β- and α-Cell Mass in Japanese Adults With and Without Diabetes

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