Effects of ghrelin on gastric distention sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and gastric motility in diabetic rats

The Inhibitory Effects of Nesfatin-1 in Ventromedial Hypothalamus on Gastric Function and Its Regulation by Nucleus Accumbens

“…These modulatory effects likely enhance the GD-induced satiety signal produced by hypothalamus. Thus, these results support a role for nesfatin-1 in inhibiting food intake as proposed previously (Xu et al, 2013; Guo et al, 2015). Previous work has noted a role for the melanocortin-3/4 receptor (Oh et al, 2006), the oxytocin receptor (Maejima et al, 2009), POMC and CART neurons (Shimizu et al, 2009), or Ca 2+ signaling pathway (Xia et al, 2012) in nesfatin-1's mechanism of action.…”

α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Protects Retinal Vascular Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Diabetes

“…The typical structural changes in retinal microvessels, such as acellular capillary [40], [41] and thickening of capillary basement membrane [40], [42], are rarely detected in STZ-induced diabetic animals by conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining of trypsin-digested preparations of the retinal vascular network until 3 m after diabetes induction. Therefore, the conventional trypsin digestion of rat retinas was followed by TUNEL staining to detect apoptotic cells in retinal vessels at week 6 after diabetic induction in this study.…”

“…Therefore, the conventional trypsin digestion of rat retinas was followed by TUNEL staining to detect apoptotic cells in retinal vessels at week 6 after diabetic induction in this study. Because the trypsin-digested preparation is the retinal vascular network that contains endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells [40], [43], the cells in the retinal vascular preparation are collectively known as the retinal vascular cells. These cells were counterstained with DAPI to outline the macro-structures of the retinal vessels.…”

“…The target rat genes endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS ), inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ), neuronal nitric oxide synthase ( nNOS ), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ), and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ), as well as rat Foxo1 , 3 , 4 , and 6 , were amplified. The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) gene is expressed at a constant level in most cells and has been used as a reference for gene expression analyses in the retina of STZ-induced diabetic rats [39], [40]; therefore, the GAPDH gene was selected as the reference in this study. The real-time PCR program consisted of a 2-min incubation at 50°C and a 10-min denaturation at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 15 s of denaturation at 95°C and 1 min of annealing/extension at 60°C.…”

Bidirectional brain‐gut interactions: Involvement of noradrenergic transmission within the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

“…In the human brain, GD‐induced changes in neuronal activities have been observed in a number of brain regions, such as the insula, thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala, using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans . On the other hand, pharmacological manipulations of various brain regions in rodents have been shown to affect gastric functions . Thus, the dysfunction of neurotransmission within these brain regions could be a possible mechanism underlying the pathology of FD.…”