Effects of Gaze Cues on Distributive Behavior of the Ultimatum Game in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulty in social decision-making. The ultimatum game (UG) is a popular economic game used to evaluate social decision-making. This study aimed to examine the effects of schematically depicted eyes and ADHD symptoms on UG performance. Thirty adults with ADHD were recruited. The computer screen background was changed among the "eyespots," "neutral," and "flowers" conditions among 30 trials of UG. Through all trials, task performances were recorded, and then compared with 30 typical adults and 30 adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The reaction time was not affected by the background in any group. Although typical adults distributed more money in the "eyespots" condition, a nonsignificant background effect was observed in adults with ADHD or ASD. These results may be associated with reduced attention to social cues in individuals with ADHD, and this ADHD characteristic might lead to difficulty in social decision-making.

A novel jigsaw game with eye‐tracking: A multimodel interaction based on psycholinguistics for ADHD therapeutic

“…We used gaze-cueing paradigms to explore social orientation's impact on attention. 11 A noteworthy finding is the association between performance in visual tracking exercises and an increase in inattention, as reported by Moore et al 12 This finding further supports the validity of our game model architecture. In our study, we implemented a novel approach to gamification by incorporating eye-tracking technology into the exercise.…”

“…Children with ADHD often exhibit impulsive eye movements, affecting their attention and visual abilities. We used gaze‐cueing paradigms to explore social orientation's impact on attention 11 . A noteworthy finding is the association between performance in visual tracking exercises and an increase in inattention, as reported by Moore et al 12 This finding further supports the validity of our game model architecture.…”