Effects of Fuel Injection Method on Gas Turbine Combustor Emissions

Norster, E. R.; Lefebvre, A. H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1998-6_15

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…DeCorso, ref. (2),observed an increase in mean drop size with an increase in air pressure and this was confirmed by Maya and Sato, ref.…”

Section: Dropsize Measurementssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…It may be argued that in view of the vastly superior combustion-pollution performance of the airblast and vaporizing type of fuel injection systems (see refs. (2) and (3)), pressure atomizers need no further serious investigations. However, considerable interest still remains in them due to the very large number of pressure atomizers that are still in service today.…”

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dual-Orifice Atomizer Performance Under Varying Air Density Conditions

Jasuja

1985

Volume 2: Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Combustion and Fuels; Oil and Gas Applications; Cycle Innovations

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The spray quality and spatial distribution characteristics of a pressure atomizer of the dual-orifice type have been experimentally investigated using the well-established, non-intrusive techniques of laser droplet sizing and photography. Tests were conducted on kerosine and gas oil at air pressures up to about 8 atmospheres. The characteristics of spray quality and spatial distribution have been shown to undergo a noticeable change over a wide range of main fuel flows. An increase in the air density results in an improvement in the spray quality, but, is accompanied with a reduction in spray penetration. The dropsize correlation evolved earlier for the simplex pressure atomizer has been applied with success to the dual-orifice atomizer featured in this investigation.

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“…DeCorso, ref. (2),observed an increase in mean drop size with an increase in air pressure and this was confirmed by Maya and Sato, ref.…”

Section: Dropsize Measurementssupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Orifice Atomizer Performance Under Varying Air Density Conditions

Jasuja

1985

Volume 2: Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Combustion and Fuels; Oil and Gas Applications; Cycle Innovations

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“…Peak flame temperature will vary almost linearly with combustor inlet temperature which, therefore, can be presumed a very important index of NO formation. This has been repeatedly documented in recent papers (13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Here the simple-cycle engine has a very major potential ad- vantage over regenerated or recuperated gas turbines, particularly at low power where the bulk of the fuel is consumed in automobile applications.…”

Section: Potential For Low Emissionssupporting

confidence: 58%

“…10 in reference (15) and Fig. 12 in reference (16)]. The data from these reports has been nondimensionalized and plotted in Fig. 14.…”

Section: Potential For Low Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Study of an Advanced Concept Simple Gas Turbine for Possible Use in Low Emission Automobiles

Eatock

Stoten

1972

ASME 1972 International Gas Turbine and Fluids Engineering Conference and Products Show

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United Aircraft Corporation studied the potential costs of various possible gas turbine engines which might be used to reduce automobile exhaust emissions. As part of that study, United Aircraft of Canada undertook the preliminary design and performance analysis of high-pressure-ratio nonregenerated (simple cycle) gas turbine engines. For the first time, high levels of single-stage component efficiency are available extending from a pressure ratio less than 4 up to 10 or 12 to 1. As a result, the study showed that the simple-cycle engine may provide satisfactory running costs with significantly lower manufacturing costs and NOx emissions than a regenerated engine. In this paper some features of the preliminary design of both single-shaft and a free power turbine version of this engine are examined. The major component technology assumptions, in particular the high pressure ratio centrifugal compressor, employed for performance extrapolation are explained and compared with current technology. The potential low NOx emissions of the simple-cycle gas turbine compared to regenerative or recuperative gas turbines is discussed. Finally, some of the problems which might be encountered in using this totally different power plant for the conventional automobile are identified.

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“…Problems of soot and smoke are always most severe at high pressures. There are several reasons for this, some of which derive from chemical effects, while others stem from physical factors which affect spray characteristics and hence also the distribution of mixture strength in the soot-generating regions of the flame [38,[43][44][45].…”

Section: Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel Effects on Gas Turbine Combustion

Lefebvre¹

1986

International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 7lhis program is an analyticaG s;udy corre ating fuel properties and engine "design and operating parameters with engine combustion performance and hot section (combustor and turbine) durability. Standard fuel specification data and fuel composition data are considered, along with special fuel properties and characteristics not routinely measured.. Engine combustor design parameters considered are fuel injection and atomization, fuel/air mixing, residence times, temperatures and pressures, and flow velocities and other important design parameters. DTIC ELECTE- 4'of the fuel.In due course, the extensive research initiated by the major fuel and engine companies and the various governmental research establishments yielded increasing knowledge of fuel properties and the manner in which they affect aircraft performance, safety and reliability. This improved understanding helped to eliminate or ease many formidable problems, but from time to time various new problems emerged, mainly as a result of the continuing demand for increases in aircraft speed, range and operating altitude. In the late 1960s the growth of public concern over air pollution caused by combustion processes eventually culminated in legislation for closer control of exhaust emissions, notably in terms of reductions in carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, smoke and nicric oxides. The restraining effects of these requirements, coupled with the fact that the aircraft user has traditionally been able to draw his fuel supplies from the highest quality feedstock, fostered conservatism to the extent that current airline fuels do not differ markedly from the kerosine used by Whittle.In general, for any given aircraft application, the optimum fuel is one that represents the best compromise solution to the various problems confronting the fuel companies, the engine and aircraft manufacturers and the operator. For civil aircraft the main requirements are safety, reliability, low cost and ease of handling. For military aircraft fuel cost is of secondary importance compared with availability, supply logistics and the need for trouble-free operation over a wide range of conditions.The most dominant fuel issues of today are those of cost and availability. The steps now being taken to ensure future supplies of fuels for gas turbines, in addition to various measures of fuel conservation, include the exploitation of alternative fuel sources and the acceptance of a broader specification for aviation fuels. It is clearly of paramount importance that prediction techniques be established for estimating accurately, for iny given combustor, the impact of any change in fuel specification on hardware durability and the key aspects of combustion performance.A complicating factor in the attainment of this goal is that the effect of a change in fuel properties is not constant for all combustors but varies between one combustor and another, due to differences in operating conditions and differences in design. For example,...

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Effects of Fuel Injection Method on Gas Turbine Combustor Emissions

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Dual-Orifice Atomizer Performance Under Varying Air Density Conditions

Dual-Orifice Atomizer Performance Under Varying Air Density Conditions

Design Study of an Advanced Concept Simple Gas Turbine for Possible Use in Low Emission Automobiles

Fuel Effects on Gas Turbine Combustion

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