“…The sentiment of headlines, however, is interesting in its own right as the headline is the first (and sometimes the only) part of an article that people read, and headlines shape the context in which people read the article. In social science research, headlines are seen as an important framing device (e.g., Liu et al, 2019;Tankard et al, 2001), a signal of news values (e.g., Ng & Zhao, 2020) and as an important predictor of effects on polarization, political attitudes, and consumer confidence (e.g., Blood & Phillips, 1995;Munger et al, 2020;Narayan & Narayan, 2017). Moreover, many other forms of communication that are studied in our field (and with automated content analysis), such as tweets, chat messages, and online comments, are also relatively short.…”