Effects of Formic Acid Treatment on Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB)-Based All Cellulose Composite (ACC) Films

Zailuddin, Nur Liyana Izyan; Osman, Azlin Fazlina; Rahman, Rozyanty

doi:10.21315/jes2020.16.1.6

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…During the past decade, creating ACC films from OPEFBs has been the subject of only a small number of studies [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Several earlier studies had utilized MCCs and nanoscale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Dissolution Time on the Properties of All-Cellulose Composites Obtained from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

et al. 2023

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All-cellulose composite (ACC) films from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) were successfully fabricated through the surface selective dissolution of cellulose fibers in 8 wt% LiCl/DMAc via the solution casting method. The effect of dissolution time on the properties of the ACC films was assessed in the range of 5–45 min. The results showed that under the best conditions, there were sufficiently dissolved fiber surfaces that improved the interfacial adhesion while maintaining a sizable fraction of the fiber cores, acting as reinforcements for the material. The ACC films have the highest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of up to 35.78 MPa and 2.63 GPa after 15 min of dissolution. Meanwhile, an X-ray diffraction analysis proved that cellulose I and II coexisted, which suggests that the crystallite size and degree of crystallinity of the ACC films had significantly declined. This is due to a change in the cellulose structure, which results in fewer voids and enhanced stress distribution in the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the interfacial adhesion improved between the reinforcing fibers and matrices as the failure behavior of the film composite changed from fiber pullout to fiber breakage and matrix cracking. On the other hand, the thermal stability of the ACC film showed a declining trend as the dissolution time increased. Therefore, the best dissolution time to formulate the ACC film was 15 min, and the obtained ACC film is a promising material to replace synthetic polymers as a green composite.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Dissolution Time on the Properties of All-Cellulose Composites Obtained from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

et al. 2023

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“…Cellulose which is derived from EFB can be employed for several applications such as making bioplastic film, paper and polymer composite products. Chemical pre-treatments are usually implemented for cellulose extraction and also to enhance or improve the cellulose dissolution [10,25]. Cellulose pre-treatments are usually carried out on natural fibers to remove the lignin and partly eliminate the hemicelluloses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cellulose pre-treatments are usually carried out on natural fibers to remove the lignin and partly eliminate the hemicelluloses. It also disrupts or breaks the crystalline structure of cellulose, allowing the cellulose to swell and dissolve in suitable solvent [10,25]. Some examples of pre-treatment methods include alkaline treatment [10,25], acid hydrolysis [26], hot compressed water [27] and enzymes [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also disrupts or breaks the crystalline structure of cellulose, allowing the cellulose to swell and dissolve in suitable solvent [10,25]. Some examples of pre-treatment methods include alkaline treatment [10,25], acid hydrolysis [26], hot compressed water [27] and enzymes [28]. Since cellulosic fibers are innately hydrophilic, they can easily degrade and absorb moisture from the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of chemical modification methods are silane functionalization [29], acetylation [30] and polymer grafting [31]. However, in the production of regenerated cellulose biocomposite, chemical treatment can also facilitate the regeneration process by reducing the hydrogen bonds of the cellulose and improving its solubility in the ionic liquid [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) Treatment of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) to Improve the Properties of Regenerated Cellulose Biocomposite Films

et al. 2020

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The empty fruit bunch (EFB) regenerated cellulose (RC) biocomposite films for packaging application were prepared using ionic liquid. The effects of EFB content and methyl methacrylate (MMA) treatment of the EFB on the mechanical and thermal properties of the RC biocomposite were studied. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the MMA treated RC biocomposite film achieved a maximum value when 2 wt% EFB was used for the regeneration process. The treated EFB RC biocomposite films also possess higher crystallinity index. The morphology analysis indicated that the RC biocomposite film containing MMA treated EFB exhibits a smoother and more homogeneous surface compared to the one containing the untreated EFB. The substitution of the –OH group of the EFB cellulose with the ester group of the MMA resulted in greater dissolution of the EFB in the ionic liquid solvent, thus improving the interphase bonding between the filler and matrix phase of the EF RC biocomposite. Due to this factor, thermal stability of the EFB RC biocomposite also successfully improved.

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Optimum Yield of Empty Fruit Bunches Cellulose Nanofibers by Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasonication

Jafri,

Jimat,

Wan Nawawi

et al. 2023

Chem Eng & Technol

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Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are extensively utilized as affordable, renewable materials. The conventional technique for making CNFs is time‐consuming, requires hazardous toxic chemicals, and consumes enormous amounts of energy. CNFs from empty fruit bunches (EFB) were produced via deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasonication. The DES treatment conditions were optimized using the central composite design (CCD) approach of response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the reaction time, DES molar ratio, and temperature were all significant variables. The experimental results closely correspond to the theoretical model of CNFs yield. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies demonstrated that the crystallinity index of the CNFs increased significantly after sonication. It could be stated that DES treatment and ultrasonication were effective ways to successfully generate CNFs from EFB. This study may serve as foundation for high‐yield, industrial‐scale synthesis of nanocellulose using DES treatment.

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Effects of Formic Acid Treatment on Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB)-Based All Cellulose Composite (ACC) Films

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

The Role of Dissolution Time on the Properties of All-Cellulose Composites Obtained from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

The Role of Dissolution Time on the Properties of All-Cellulose Composites Obtained from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) Treatment of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) to Improve the Properties of Regenerated Cellulose Biocomposite Films

Optimum Yield of Empty Fruit Bunches Cellulose Nanofibers by Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasonication

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