Effects of force detecting sense organs on muscle synergies are correlated with their response properties

Zill, Sasha N.; Neff, David; Chaudhry, Sumaiya; Exter, Annelie; Schmitz, Josef; Büschges, Ansgar

doi:10.1016/j.asd.2017.05.004

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…For example, G3/G4 feedback could be integrated with feedback from tibial and femoral campaniform sensilla local to the leg. These sensilla too respond to load changes in the plane of leg levation/depression [ 23 , 25 ]. Indeed, activity of tibial campaniform sensilla has been suggested to reflect the unloading of the leg in cockroaches and locusts [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A load-based mechanism for inter-leg coordination in insects

et al. 2017

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Animals rely on an adaptive coordination of legs during walking. However, which specific mechanisms underlie coordination during natural locomotion remains largely unknown. One hypothesis is that legs can be coordinated mechanically based on a transfer of body load from one leg to another. To test this hypothesis, we simultaneously recorded leg kinematics, ground reaction forces and muscle activity in freely walking stick insects (Carausius morosus). Based on torque calculations, we show that load sensors (campaniform sensilla) at the proximal leg joints are well suited to encode the unloading of the leg in individual steps. The unloading coincides with a switch from stance to swing muscle activity, consistent with a load reflex promoting the stance-to-swing transition. Moreover, a mechanical simulation reveals that the unloading can be ascribed to the loading of a specific neighbouring leg, making it exploitable for inter-leg coordination. We propose that mechanically mediated load-based coordination is used across insects analogously to mammals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A load-based mechanism for inter-leg coordination in insects

et al. 2017

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“…The other single CS, Ta1S, is similarly located on the front and middle legs; on the hind leg (Ta1SR), it is more anterior to the tarsal midline. (Zill et al, 2011;Zill et al, 2017;Zill, Chaudhry, Büschges, & Schmitz, 2015) it is conceivable that differences in location would mean differential sensitivities of CS. This might then affect their functional roles in generating sensory feedback about strain within the leg's cuticle.…”

Section: Interleg Variability In Cs Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Location and arrangement of campaniform sensilla in Drosophila melanogaster

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Chockley

Bockemühl

et al. 2020

J of Comparative Neurology

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Sensory systems provide input to motor networks on the state of the body and environment. One such sensory system in insects is the campaniform sensilla (CS), which detect deformations of the exoskeleton arising from resisted movements or external perturbations. When physical strain is applied to the cuticle, CS external structures are compressed, leading to transduction in an internal sensory neuron. In Drosophila melanogaster, the distribution of CS on the exoskeleton has not been comprehensively described. To investigate CS number, location, spatial arrangement, and potential differences between individuals, we compared the front, middle, and hind legs of multiple flies using scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, we imaged the entire body surface to confirm known CS locations. On the legs, the number and relative arrangement of CS varied between individuals, and single CS of corresponding segments showed characteristic differences between legs. This knowledge is fundamental for studying the relevance of cuticular strain information within the complex neuromuscular networks controlling posture and movement. This comprehensive account of all D. melanogaster CS helps set the stage for experimental investigations into their responsivity, sensitivity, and roles in sensory acquisition and motor control in a lightweight model organism.

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“…cockroaches, stick insects) there is significant evidence that there are neural sensors (e.g. campaniform sensillae) whose activity encodes loads experienced by legs in a quantitative manner (Noah et al, 2004;Zill et al, 2004Zill et al, , 2017. These sensors have been mostly studied with regard to shorter term control of posture and locomotion, and it therefore remains unknown whether, or how, longer term exposure to (body weight-dependent) activity of such sensors may affect leg muscle composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular plasticity and functional enhancements of leg muscles in response to hypergravity in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

Schilder

Raynor

2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Studies of organismal and tissue biomechanics have clearly demonstrated that musculoskeletal design is strongly dependent on experienced loads, which can vary in the short term, as a result of growth during life history and during the evolution of animal body size. However, how animals actually perceive and make adjustments to their load-bearing musculoskeletal elements that accommodate variation in their body weight is poorly understood. We developed an experimental model system that can be used to start addressing these open questions, and uses hypergravity centrifugation to experimentally manipulate the loads experienced by We examined effects of this manipulation on leg muscle alternative splicing of the sarcomere gene troponin T (; Fbgn0004169, herein referred to by its synonym ), a process that was previously demonstrated to precisely correlate with quantitative variation in body weight in Lepidoptera and rat. In a similar fashion, hypergravity centrifugation caused fast (i.e. within 24 h) changes to fly leg muscle alternative splicing that correlated with body weight variation across eight lines. Hypergravity treatment also appeared to enhance leg muscle function, as centrifuged flies showed an increased negative geotaxis response and jump ability. Although the identity and location of the sensors and effectors involved remains unknown, our results provide further support for the existence of an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that translates signals that encode body weight into appropriate skeletal muscle molecular and functional responses.

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Effects of force detecting sense organs on muscle synergies are correlated with their response properties

Cited by 19 publications

References 77 publications

A load-based mechanism for inter-leg coordination in insects

A load-based mechanism for inter-leg coordination in insects

Location and arrangement of campaniform sensilla in Drosophila melanogaster

Molecular plasticity and functional enhancements of leg muscles in response to hypergravity in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

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