Effects of forage species and particle size on bacterial cellulolytic activity and colonization in situ

Bowman, J. G. P.; Firkins, J.L.

doi:10.2527/1993.7161623x

Cited by 58 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Akin (1993) suggested that increased particle size may benefit the penetration of particles by fungi and consequently the degradation of fibre by respective bacteria. In accordance with the results of Bowman and Firkins (1993), interactions between forage source and feed particle size were rare in this study. Some interactions were found for the parameters of gas production; however, particle size did not affect the general conclusions on the effect of diet at all.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…To generate homogeneous samples, dry feedstuffs usually are milled before in vitro incubation. The particle size and shape of incubated feedstuffs affect the availability and degradability of nutrients (Michalet-Doreau and Cerneau, 1991;Bowman and Firkins, 1993). The particle size of incubated feedstuffs has varied widely across continuous culture studies in the literature, but attempts to research the consequences of this variation are rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of maize silage to grass silage ratio and feed particle size on ruminal fermentation in vitro

Hildebrand

Boguhn

Rodehutscord

2011

Animal

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The effect of the forage source on ruminal fermentation in vitro was investigated for fine (F) and coarse (C) milled diets, using a modified Hohenheim gas production test and a semi-continuous rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). It was hypothesised that the replacement of maize silage by grass silage might lead to associative effects and that interactions related to particle size variation could occur. Five diets with a maize silage to grass silage ratio of 100 : 0, 79 : 21, 52 : 48, 24 : 76 and 0 : 100 differed in their content of CP and carbohydrate fractions, as well as digestible crude nutrients, derived from a digestibility trial with wether sheep. For in vitro investigations, the diets were ground to pass a sieve of either 1 mm (F) or 4 mm (C) perforation. Cumulative gas production was recorded during 93 h of incubation and its capacity decreased with increasing proportion of grass silage in the diet. Across all diets, gas production was delayed in C treatments compared with F treatments. Degradation of crude nutrients and detergent fibre fractions was determined in a Rusitec system. Daily amounts of NH 3 -N and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured in the effluent. Degradation of organic matter (OM) and fibre fractions, as well as amounts of NH 3 -N, increased with stepwise replacement of maize silage by grass silage. Degradability of CP was unaffected by diet composition, as well as total SCFA production. In contrast to the results of the gas production test, degradation of OM and CP was higher in C than in F treatments, accompanied by higher amounts of NH 3 -N and SCFA. Interactions of silage ratio and particle size were rare. It was concluded that the stepwise replacement of maize silage by grass silage might lead to a linear response of most fermentation characteristics in vitro. This linear effect was also supported by total tract digestibility data. However, further investigations with silages of variable quality seem to be necessary. Keywords: silage, particle size, associative effects, ruminal fermentation, in vitro ImplicationsWhen grass silage and maize silage are incubated together but in different ratios in vitro, the associative effects on criteria of fermentation are unlikely to occur. Fermentation values for the individual silages are additive in these mixtures. However, the effect of variation in silage chemical composition remains to be investigated. The effects of feed particle size should be taken into account when comparing results of studies conducted with a Rusitec system. Further research investigating the effect of feed particle size, larger than particles produced by milling feeds with a 4-mm sieve, on degradation rates measured in rumen simulations is needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of maize silage to grass silage ratio and feed particle size on ruminal fermentation in vitro

Hildebrand

Boguhn

Rodehutscord

2011

Animal

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“…The grinding improves microbial accessibility while freezing/defrosting improves rupture of microbial cells. The Gram-negative bacteria, which are predominant in the rumen, are considered to be particularly susceptible to this treatment (Hammond, 1992 Huhtanen and Khalili, 1992); and diminution of activities after feeding (Williams ef al, 1989;Bowman and Firkins, 1993;Martin et al, 1993 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This measurement requires the extraction of these enzymes from microbes adhering to rumen content. Extractions by sonication (Williams and Strachan, 1984;Martin et al, 1993) or lysozyme and carbon tetrachloride (CC' 4 ) treatment (Silva ef al, 1987;Huhtanen and Khalili, 1992;Bowman and Firkins, 1993) (Williams et al, 1989) and dietary composition (Huhtanen and Khalili, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of extraction method on activities of polysaccharide-depolymerase enzymes in the microbial population from the solid phase in the rumen

Nozière¹,

Michalet-Doreau²

1994

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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“…Structurally complex lignocellulosic substrates undergo a complex and sequential microbial attack (Cheng et al, 1980), involving both bacteria and anaerobic fungi (Theodorou et al, 1996; Gordon and Phillips, 1998). Furthermore, the mechanical process of ingestive mastication increases the accessibility of dietary nutrients and increases the surface area available for microbial attachment and enzymatic attack (Bowman and Firkins, 1993;McAllister et al, 1994;Pan et al, 2003). In sacco studies with fresh forage have shown that mastication has an effect on microbial colonisation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in microbial ecosystem concepts and their consequences for ruminant agriculture

Edwards

Huws

Kim

et al. 2008

Animal

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Microbial transformations in the rumen ecosystem have a major impact on our ability to meet the challenge of reducing the environmental footprint of ruminant livestock agriculture, as well as enhancing product quality. Current understanding of the rumen microbial ecosystem is limited, and affects our ability to manipulate rumen output. The view of ruminal fermentation as the sum of activities of the dominant rumen microbiota is no longer adequate, with a more holistic approach required. This paper reviews rumen functionality in the context of the microbiota of the rumen ecosystem, addressing ruminal fermentation as the product of an ecosystem while highlighting the consequences of this for ruminant agriculture. Microbial diversity in the rumen ecosystem enhances the resistance of the network of metabolic pathways present, as well as increasing the potential number of new pathways available. The resulting stability of rumen function is further promoted by the existence of rumen microbiota within biofilms. These protected, structured communities offer potential advantages, but very little is currently known about how ruminal microorganisms interact on feed-surfaces and how these communities develop. The temporal and spatial development of biofilms is strongly linked to the availability of dietary nutrients, the dynamics of which must also be given consideration, particularly in fresh-forage-based production systems. Nutrient dynamics, however, impact not only on pathway inputs but also the turnover and output of the whole ecosystem. Knowledge of the optimal balance of metabolic processes and the corresponding microbial taxa required to provide a stable, balanced ecosystem will enable a more holistic understanding of the rumen. Future studies should aim to identify key ecosystem processes and components within the rumen, including microbial taxa, metabolites and plant-based traits amenable to breeding-based modification. As well as gaining valuable insights into the biology of the rumen ecosystem, this will deliver realistic and appropriate novel targets for beneficial manipulation of rumen function. Keywords: ecosystem, metabolism, microbiota, nutrient, rumen IntroductionThe purpose of the rumen is to convert dietary material into microbial biomass and end products that can be utilised by the animal. Rumen microorganisms anaerobically ferment complex lignocellulosic plant material, which otherwise would be unable to be utilised by ruminants. Fermentation of dietary material generates microbial biomass and valuable microbial end products, the outflow/diffusion of which provides the ruminant with usable forms of protein and energy. The efficiency and sustainability of ruminant production relies on driving the ecosystem carrying out this conversion to follow an optimal network of metabolic processes. Microbial protein from the rumen accounts for more than half of the total protein entering the intestines (Broudiscou and Jouany, 1995), with three main taxonomic groups accounting for the majority of this microbial ...

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Effects of forage species and particle size on bacterial cellulolytic activity and colonization in situ

Cited by 58 publications

References 41 publications

Effect of maize silage to grass silage ratio and feed particle size on ruminal fermentation in vitro

Effect of maize silage to grass silage ratio and feed particle size on ruminal fermentation in vitro

Effect of extraction method on activities of polysaccharide-depolymerase enzymes in the microbial population from the solid phase in the rumen

Advances in microbial ecosystem concepts and their consequences for ruminant agriculture

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