Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment using conventional versus metal-injection molding brackets on salivary nickel and chromium levels: a double-blind randomized clinical trial

Amini, Fariborz; Harandi, Saghar; Mollaei, Mobina; Rakhshan, Vahid

doi:10.1093/ejo/cju079

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Studies except one [10] showed that people who had taken dental treatments especially orthodontic appliances for some time, had higher Cr levels in their body tissues than others (see Table 1). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium in Iran: A systematic review

Tavakkoli

Nasab

Khanjani

2017

JER

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Background: Chromium (Cr) is a heavy metal and trace mineral found in various forms. Cr III is an essential nutrient, that is normally found in human blood and urine; in contrast, Cr VI is listed in group I carcinogens and is hazardous for human health. Several studies have been done about measuring human Chromium levels in Iran and this review attempted to summarize these studies. Methods: Electronic resources including SID, Magiran, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar were searched; with phrases including "Exposure to Chromium, Chromium exposure, Chromium measuring, Occupational exposure to Chromium, Environmental exposure to Chromium, Chromium" and their Persian translations until December 2, 2016. Results: From the 1,309 retrieved articles, 32 articles were selected. In welding, electroplating and cement companies, chromium concentrations in workers who dealt directly with Cr were higher than others employees. In the general population, people who lived near a factory or an industrial center, or people who had taken dental treatments especially with orthodontic appliances, had higher Cr levels. Cr deficiency was also investigated in several studies, for its possible relation to diabetes type 2. Conclusion: Cr VI exposure should be under surveillance in Iranian industrial workers; and residential areas should be kept in a safe distance from Cr producing industries. Cr III deficiency might be related to diabetes type 2.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium in Iran: A systematic review

Tavakkoli

Nasab

Khanjani

2017

JER

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“…They did not observe any significant difference in levels of Ni and chromium before and after the treatment. Amini et al 14 assessed the impact of orthodontic treatment on salivary Ni and chromium levels. From 30 orthodontic patients, saliva samples were collected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Changes in Nickel and Chromium Levels in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid during Fixed Orthodontic Treatment

Bhasin

Pustake

Joshi

et al. 2017

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

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Background: Various components of appliances used in fixed orthodontic treatment are fabricated from materials that are highly resistant in nature and have high strength and biocompatibility. Corrosion of materials occurs inside the oral cavity due to numerous environmental or oral factors that act on them. These factors include temperature, pH variation, salivary conditions, mechanical loads, microbiological and enzymatic activity, and various food components. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is the material obtained from the gingival sulcus and might act as a potential source for various biomarkers in the orthodontic setup because inflammatory-induced response is directly related to orthodontic forces in GCF. In the light of above-mentioned data, we planned this study to assess and evaluate the changes occurring in nickel and chromium levels in the GCF during fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods:This study included assessment of 30 patients who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment. Three samples were taken from the GCF of the patients giving a total of 90 samples. The samples were collected at the following time intervals: At baseline (pretreatment time), 1 month after the start of orthodontic treatment, and at 6 months after the commencement of orthodontic treatment. Cellulose strips were used for isolation of the tooth region. For GCF collection, a standardized cellulose acetate absorbent strip was used. Placement of the strips was done in the sulcus for 60 seconds for the collection of the samples. Refrigeration of the specimen bottles was done for a minimum of 7 days and was then sent to a laboratory where specimens were transferred for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Assessment of Changes in Nickel andResults: At 1 month, the mean value of nickel and chromium in GCF was found to be 4.5 and 4.9 µg/gm of GCF respectively. While comparing the mean nickel levels between 1 and 6 months and between baseline and 6 months, significant results were obtained. Significant results were also obtained while comparing the mean values of chromium in GCF between baseline and 6 months and between 1 and 6 months. Gingival health index of the patients was found to be associated with increased inflammation with the progression of time of orthodontic treatment. Conclusion:Levels of nickel and chromium might show considerable elevation in the GCF with time along with an increase in the severity of inflammation in the gingival health in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.Clinical significance: Regular oral prophylaxis of the patients undergoing orthodontic treatment should be done to avoid toxicities caused by the release of nickel and chromium and for maintenance of good oral hygiene and oral health.

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“…They were also asked not to rinse with fluoridated mouthwashes 24 hrs before the next visit, till after sample collection (38)(39)(40)(41) . The children were directed not to use an oral rinse, not to eat, drink or brush their teeth on the morning of the scheduled visit (36,42) . If any patients were dropped out of the study, they would be replaced with new patients.…”

Section: Ii-in-vivo Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pH value was recorded after sampling using pH meter, to avoid any pH/CO2 changes (42) . The average of 3 records for each sample was reported.…”

Section: Salivary Ph Level Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Multiple Stainless Steel Crowns on Salivary pH, Nickel, and Chromium Levels

Beltagy

2020

Egyptian Dental Journal

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Background: The use of stainless steel crowns (SSCs) in pediatric dentistry is widely used. Recently, there has been an increasing ecological and global public health concern associated with environmental contamination by metallic alloys. Aim of the study: To determine the in-vitro and in-vivo effect of multiple stainless steel crowns on the salivary pH, nickel and chromium levels at different periods. Materials and methods:This study consisted of: I-In-vitro study: A total of 200 standard sizes of SSCs were divided into 4 groups (10 samples/each). Each sample/group contained 2, 4, 6, and 8 SSCs, respectively. All SSCs were trimmed 1mm circumferentially, smoothed, re-contoured, fitted, and cemented on standard crowns of plastic teeth models. Each group was placed in a closed container containing artificial saliva with a standard pH. II-In-vivo study: A total of 40 patients indicated for SSC restorations were selected, aged 5-9 years. Similar to in-vitro, they were allocated into 4 groups according to the numbers of SSCs restorations used. 5ml of unstimulated saliva was taken for pH, nickel, and chromium analysis at 5-intervals: baseline, and 1day, 1week, 2weeks, 1month, and 2-months post-cementation. Data analysis: The mean and standard deviations, one way ANOVA, and the Person correlation coefficient were used. The level of significance was adopted at p≤0.05. Results: In both studies:The more the increase in the number of SSCs, the more the increase in acidity and release of ions. As regards pH value; within the groups at 5 intervals, there was only a significant difference in groups containing 8 SSCs and 6 SSCs, and between the intervals and the baseline (p≤0.05). The group that has 8 SSCs recorded the lowest pH value. Among groups: in-vitro: all groups showed a significant difference during 3-time intervals (p≤0.05) except at 2-months; the difference was not significant (p>0.05), while in-vivo, the difference was not significant (p>0.05). As regards the released ions: Within groups, both studies showed a significant difference among all intervals, and between the intervals and the baseline (p≤0.05). Among groups: In-vitro, all groups showed significant differences during the intervals (p≤0.05), while the only period showing no significant difference was at 2 months in the chromium group (p>0.05). The group that has 8 SSCs recorded the highest level and the difference was significant (p≤0.05). The peak level of the released ions and reduced pH value was at 1day and 1week for in-vitro and in-vivo study, respectively. Conclusion:The released nickel and chromium ions were directly proportional to the number of stainless steel crowns whereas the pH value was inversely proportional. The maximum level recorded was 1day and 1-week post-cementation for in-vitro and in-vivo study, respectively. The peak released of ions was much lower than the toxic level or the level of dietary intake.

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Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment using conventional versus metal-injection molding brackets on salivary nickel and chromium levels: a double-blind randomized clinical trial

Abstract: None to declare.

Cited by 25 publications

References 27 publications

Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium in Iran: A systematic review

Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium in Iran: A systematic review

Assessment of Changes in Nickel and Chromium Levels in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid during Fixed Orthodontic Treatment

Effect of Multiple Stainless Steel Crowns on Salivary pH, Nickel, and Chromium Levels

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